tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44862744429993570912024-02-20T05:06:23.852-08:00catatan notaPelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-5239960686571144482012-02-19T06:52:00.000-08:002012-02-19T06:52:00.773-08:00TAJUK 2-KEMAHIRAN MENDENGAR DAN BERTUTUR<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";">Peringkat-Peringkat Penguasaan Kemahiran Lisan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC";">Peringkat-peringkat kemahiran mendengar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringat awal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengecam, mengajuk dan memilih bunyi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mendengar dan mengecam makna perkataan, rangkai kata dan ayat-ayat;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Melakukan sesuatu yang disuruh;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Menjalankan perintah dan permintaan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bertindak terhadap soalan-soalan mudah;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengingat dan memadankan perkataan dan ayat-ayat mudah secara tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringkat pertengahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengecam dan mengingat fakta dan butiran secara tepat dan terperinci;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengenal maklumat khusus;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengesan urutan;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengenal sebab dan akibat;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengenal perhubungan orang-orang yang berinteraksi;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengenal sikap dan perasaan orang yang bercakap.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringkat maju<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengenal isi-isi penting;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengetahui peranan dan perhubungan orang yang bercakap;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Memberitahu fungsi tekanan dan intonasi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mentafsirkan maksud orang yang bercakap;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mengikut aliran dialog atau perbualan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mencari jalan mengatasi masalah yang didengar,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Mentafsirkan tujuan penutur menggunakan berbagai-bagai bentuk tatabahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC";">Peringkat –Peringkat Kemahiran Bertutur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringkat awal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(a) Melafazkan pengucapan bertatasusila;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(b) Mengajuk perkataan dan ayat yang didengar;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(c) Menyoal untuk mendapatkan maklumat;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(d) Membuat teguran atau kenyataan mengenai sesuatu situasi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(e) Menyoal soalan-soalan mudah berdasarkan situasi-situasi tertentu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(f) Bertindak terhadap soalan-soalan mudah;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(g) Memberi arahan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(h) Membuat ayat tentang diri, rakan, ibu dan bapa; dan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(i) Membuat ayat daripada gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringkat pertengahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(a) Membuat deskripsi tentang objek atau gambar;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(b) Bercerita berdasarkan satu siri gambar atau gambar-gambar bersiri;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(c) Mendeskripsi pengalaman atau sesuatu peristiwa;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(d) Memberi satu siri arahan untuk membuat sesuatu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(e) Menyoal dan menjawab soalan-soalan misalnya, berhubung dengan peribadi seseorang, masa bersekolah, persekitaran dan di rumah;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(f) Membaca iklan, peraturan-peraturan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(g) Memberi ucapan pendek dan mudah;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(h) Mengambil bahagian dalam perbualan mudah;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(i) Memberi komen secara mudah; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(j) Membuat ulasan, memberi pendapat atau pandangan secara mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Peringkat maju<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(a) Mendeskripsi sesuatu peristiwa, kejadian, pengalaman, objek, permainan, proses dan sebagainya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(b) Bercerita dengan menggunakan alat pandang atau tanpa menggunakannya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(c) Mengambil bahagian dalam perbincangan, perbualan atau dialog;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(d) Bertanya untuk mendapatkan maklumat;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(e) Menerangkan proses, kejadian, prosedur dan peraturan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(f) Memberitahu arah atau hala sesuatu tempat;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(g) Memberi ceramah, syarahan (yang disediakan);<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(h) Mengambil bahagian dalam perbahasan, diskusi, forum, perbincangan, seminar dan sebagainya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(i) Mengambil bahagian dalam drama dan lakonan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(j) Mendeklamasi puisi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(k) Menyampaikan komen, laporan atau ulasan; dan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(l) Mengkritik cerpen, pendapat, puisi, novel dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";">Unsur-unsur keberkesanan pengajaran kemahiran lisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ENDUSE~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Suara</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> terbentuk dalam tiga komponen iaitu <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 23.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">pic (pitch) - tinggi rendah nada suara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 23.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">kekuatan, atau kenyaringan suara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 23.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">kualiti suara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ENDUSE~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bunyi</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> atau respons adalah aspek bunyi-bunyi pertuturan dan ada kalanya dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada suara. Ada individu yang mempunyai suara yang kuat dan ada pula yang suaranya lemah atau pun terlalu nyaring.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ENDUSE~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Artikulasi </span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">melibatkan gigi, lelangit, bibir, lelangit, dan pergerakan lidah untuk mengeluarkan bunyi-bunyi bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ENDUSE~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Kelancaran</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> adalah keupayaan bertutur tanpa teragak-agak atau tersekat-sekat yang boleh mengganggu komunikasi.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a) Kecerdasan: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Tahap kecerdasan otak yang menentukan </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">keupayaan berfikir dalam proses memperoleh, menyampai dan memproses </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">maklumat ;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Aspek penting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bahasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b) Kesihatan: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Tahap kesihatan yang cukup menentukan tahap dan keupayaan berbahasa dalam kalangan murid-murid;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Murid yang tidak sihat atau sakit berpanjangan akan mengalami gangguan dalam proses pemerolehan bahasa, bahkan gagal berfikir dan berkomunikasi secara berkesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(c) Fizikal: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Berkaitan dengan aspek tubuh badan yang berhubung langsung dengan proses mendengar seperti telinga dan alat artikulasi yang boleh menjejaskan proses penglahiran bunyi-bunyi bahasa, makna dan tahap pemahaman maklumat yang hendak disampaikan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Kanak-kanak yang pekak atau menghadapi masalah pendengaran, terencat anggota badan dan seumpamanya akan mengehadkan pergaulan dan kerap kali menghadapi masalah kosa kata dalam proses pertuturan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(d) Persekitaran: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-melibatkan ahli keluarga, jiran tetangga, tahap pendidikan, lokasi </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">petempatan (bandar atau luar bandar), tahap dan status sosioekonomi;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Kanak-kanak yang hidup dalam kalangan masyarakat petani dan nelayan mempunyai kosa kata terhad berbanding dengan kanak-kanak yang hidup dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">membesar dalam kalangan masyarakat di bandar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="NO-NYN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-NYN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(e) Jantina: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="NO-NYN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-NYN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Menentukan tahap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak yang </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">berbeza-beza. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Kajian menunjukkan kadar pertumbuhan kanak-kanak perempuan jauh lebih cepat berbanding dengan kadar pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak lelaki. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Urat saraf pertuturan dalam kalangan kanak-kanak perempuan berkembang jauh lebih cepat berbanding kanak-kanak lelaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(f) Dwibahasa: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">-Kajian mendapati kanak-kanak ekabahasa biasanya boleh bertutur jauh lebih baik berbanding dangan kanak-kanak dwibahasa kerana dalam proses pertuturan kanak-kanak dwibahasa kerap kali mengalami gangguan daripada bahasa ibundanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";">Prinsip pengajaran kemahiran lisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Segoe Print"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe Print";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(a)Penuturan yang dihasilkan hendaklah secara spontan, bernas dan mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(b)Pengajaran hendaklah jelas dan lantang, tersusun rapi dan cukup untuk didengari oleh pendengar yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(c)Pilih, susun dan gunakan topik-topik yang ada dalam pengetahuan murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(d)Adakan rangsangan yang membolehka murid-murid bercakap mengenai perkara-perkara tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(e)Semua pengajaran lisan hendaklah dibuat secara formal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(f)Galakkan murid-murid mengeluarkan idea-idea baru serta memilih bahan-bahan mereka sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(g)Peniruan sebutan oleh murid-murid mestilah kerap dan bukan hanya untuk sekali dua sahaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(h)Ulang pelajaran (latih tubi) yang terdahulu dalam pelajaran-pelajaran yang berikutnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk memperkukuhkan ingatan murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">(i)Semasa murid-murid meniru sebutan, guru hendaklah membimbing mereka dan jika terdapat kesalahan, pembetulan hendaklah dibuat secara spontan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-2147405478676007382012-02-18T20:45:00.000-08:002012-02-18T20:45:58.030-08:00TAJUK 3 : KAEDAH & TEKNIK PENGAJARAN KEMAHIRAN LISAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">KAEDAH – PENGENALAN</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pengajaran dan pembelajaran kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur memerlukan guru menguasai kaedah yang tepat. Kaedah merujuk kepada prosedur-prosedur mengajar yang wujud berdasarkan pendekatan pengajaran bahasa yang digunakan oleh guru. Pendekatan pengajaran bahasa yang digunakan adalah berlandaskan teori linguistik dan psikologi. Oleh itu, sesuatu kaedah yang digunakan tidak boleh bercanggah daripada pendekatan. Kaedah bersifat prosedur yang terdiri daripada langkah-langkah dan peringkat-peringkat yang teratur yang harus dituruti dengan saksama untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah pengajaran kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> 1- </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaedah terus <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaedah fonetik/ linguistik <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaedah eklektik <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaedah audio-lingual<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">5-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaedah komunikatif <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KAEDAH TERUS<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah ini merujuk kepada pengajaran dan pembelajaran untuk menguasai bahasa pertama secara natural. Kaedah ini juga bermaksud belajar secara terus, iaitu menggunakan terus bahasa sasaran tanpa terjemahan ke dalam bahasa ibunda. Kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur adalah diutamakan kerana perkataan yang diajarkan adalah perkara yang digunakan sehari-hari. Berdasarkan kaedah ini, perkataan konkrit contohnya, sudu di ajarkan dengan menunjukkan objek sudu. Perkataan abstrak contohnya, sayang pula diterangkan menggunakan perkataan yang diketahui oleh murid-murid (tunjuk contoh ibu bapa mereka). Pengajaran sesuatu topik baharu pula adalah berdasarkan sesuatu topik lain yang telah diajarkan tetapi mempunyai kaitan dengan topik baharu tersebut. Sebagai contoh, untuk mengajar ayat yang terdiri daripada kata nama + kata kerja + kata nama haruslah berdasarkan ayat yang telah diajarkan sebelumnya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Contoh ayat :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Saya minum (ayat sebelumnya)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-Saya minum susu (ayat baru)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah ini mengutamakan kemahiran bahasa khususnya kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur dan bukannya pengetahuan tentang bahasa. Kelebihan penggunaaan kaedah ini ialah, kesalahan yang berpunca daripada gangguan bahasa ibunda dapat dikurangkan kerana murid-murid telah dibiasakan dengan cara berfikir dan bertutur secara terus dalam bahasa sasaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KAEDAH FONETIK/ LINGUISTIK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pengajaran berdasarkan kaedah ini dimulakan dengan latihan pendengaran kemudian diikuti dengan latihan penyebutan. Latihan penyebutan tersebut dimulakan dengan penyebutan bunyi, perkataan, frasa dan ayat-ayat. Ayat-ayat yang dibina berdasarkan kaedah ini kemudiannya digabungkan menjadi dialog dan cerita. Kaedah ini tidak menggunakan ejaan biasa tetapi menggunakan simbol-simbol fonetik misalnya [Əma?] untuk perkataan emak. Nahu atau tatabahasa diajarkan secara induktif, iaitu contoh-contoh penggunaan tatabahasa itu dikemukakan kepada murid-murid sebelum peraturan dan rumus-rumus itu diajarkan. Melalui kaedah ini juga murid –murid akan menulis karangan berdasarkan apa yang didengar atau dibaca <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KAEDAH EKLEKTIK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah ini mengambil ciri-ciri yang baik daripada kaedah lain dan menggabungkannya. Kaedah ini turut dikenali sebagai kaedah aktif kerana gabungan ciri-ciri yang baik daripada pelbagai kaedah lain yang dimilikinya. Berdasarkan kaedah eklektik, kemahiran-kemahiran bahasa diajarkan mengikut susunan, iaitu bertutur, menulis, memahami dan membaca. Aspek tatabahasa diajarkan mengikut situasi, iaitu sama ada secara deduktif ataupun induktif. Aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dijalankan meliputi latihan mendengar dan bertutur, bacaan kuat dan bersoal jawab.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KAEDAH AUDIO –LINGUAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah ini merupakan gabungan dua kemahiran iaitu kemahiran mendengar (audio) dan kemahiran bertutur (lingual). Kaedah ini mementingkan penggunaan bahan bantu belajar berupa alat-alat audio seperti radio, pita rakaman, compact disk (audio) dan piring hitam. Bahan-bahan yang diperdengarkan kepada murid-murid ialah petikan bunyi haiwan, bunyi sesuatu suasana misalnya suasana seram, senikata lagu, nyanyian, petikan cerita, sajak, dan sebagainya. Melalui kaedah ini, murid-murid akan mendengar (contohnya bunyi sajak daripada pita rakaman). Melalui pengalaman mendengar tersebut, murid-murid akan berlatih menyebut perkataan, frasa dan ayat yang didengar termasuk nada dan intonasinya secara latih tubi. Murid-murid seterusnya akan berlatih mendeklamasikan sajak dengan rakan secara berpasangan atau berkumpulan. Melalui kaedah ini, murid-murid lebih mudah mengingat maklumat yang didengar. Ingatan murid-murid juga dapat diperkukuh dengan cara mendengar semula rakaman dan berbincang dengan rakan-rakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">KAEDAH KOMUNIKATIF<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kaedah komunikatif mementingkan proses pemerolehan bahasa kanak-kanak yang melibatkan kognitif dan interaksi bahasa. Kaedah ini menitikberatkan pengajaran kecekapan bahasa, iaitu tatabahasa dan kecekapan komunikatif khususnya kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur. Ketika murid-murid melalui proses pemerolehan bahasa, mereka menguasai makna terlebih dahulu sebelum dapat menggambarkan makna tersebut dalam struktur ayat tertentu. Proses menggambarkan makna dalam struktur ayat tertentu tersebut memerlukan guru-guru melatih murid-murid menguasai kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur melalui aktiviti bahasa yang bermakna. Sehubungan itu, aktiviti-aktiviti bahasa yang bermakna dalam kaedah komunikatif ialah penyelesaian masalah, perbincangan, dialog, sumbang saran, wawancara dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK- PENGENALAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik pengajaran merupakan taktik atau cara-cara yang digunakan oleh guru untuk mencapai hasil segera yang maksimum ketika menyampaikan sesuatu pengajaran. Teknik dicipta dan ditentukan sebelum pelaksanaan pengajaran. Setiap teknik yang digunakan adalah selaras dengan kaedah yang digunakan dan sejajar pula dengan pendekatan yang dipegang. Teknik pengajaran juga boleh dirujuk sebagai alat yang digunakan oleh guru bahasa untuk menyampaikan bahan-bahan pengajaran yang telah dipilih untuk murid-muridnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik pengajaran kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik soal jawab <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik main peranan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik lakonan/drama<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik permainan bahasa <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik hafazan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik latih tubi <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik perbincangan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik penyelesaian masalah <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK SOAL JAWAB<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik paling lama dan popular digunakan dalam pendidikan. Teknik ini berupaya mewujudkan interaksi guru dengan murid-murid secara berkesan. Teknik ini dilaksanakan dengan cara guru mengemukakan soalan berkaitan dengan isi pelajaran, dan murid perlu memberi tindak balas yang sewajarnya. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Terdapat tiga tujuan utama teknik soal jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- untuk mengesan pengetahuan berbahasa murid <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-untuk menggalakkan murid berfikir secara kreatif, inovatif, logik dan kritis <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-untuk mendorong murid menyusun dan menghuraikan bahan yang diajar <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Soalan yang terancang dan bermutu dapat membantu menajamkan pemikiran murid di samping dapat mewujudkan suasana pembelajaran yang lebih dinamik dan berkesan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK MAIN PERANAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Main peranan bermaksud melakonkan satu situasi atau masalah atau peristiwa yang dianggap penting. Teknik ini adalah satu bentuk drama yang tidak memerlukan penghafalan skrip. Murid-murid yang berlakon dalam teknik ini akan cuba untuk menjelaskan sesuatu situasi kepada murid lain. Murid-murid yang lain pula akan mempraktikkan peranan murid-murid yang berlakon tadi secara spontan. Teknik ini biasanya dimulakan dengan pemikiran masalah yang sesuai (contoh : amalan berbudi bahasa). Masalah ini dikemukakan kepada murid-murid dengan cara membacakannya atau memperlihatkannya melalui filem, televisyen, dan sebagainya. Berdasarkan apa yang dibaca, dilihat, didengar itu, murid-murid akan melakukan main peranan untuk menunjukkan amalan berbudi bahasa tersebut. Murid –murid lain pula akan mempraktikkan peranan yang telah dimainkan secara spontan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK LAKONAN/DRAMA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tujuan utama teknik ini adalah untuk melatih murid-murid menggunakan kemahiran bahasa khususnya kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur, unsur paralinguistik (jeda, nada, intonasi), dan bukan linguistik (mimik muka, gerak tangan, kepala) dengan berkesan dalam sesuatu interaksi bahasa atau perbuatan. Penggunaan teknik ini dapat mendorong dan merangsang murid-murid untuk menghubungkan perasaannya dengan mata pelajaran yang dipelajarinya. Teknik ini dapat menimbulkan keseronokan dan keberkesanan pembelajaran kepada murid, di samping menyuburkan sahsiah mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">*teknik ini berbeza dengan main peranan kerana murid berlakon berdasarkan skrip <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK PERMAINAN BAHASA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik ini adalah satu-satunya cara untuk mempelajari bahasa melalui permainan. Penglibatan dalam permainan akan memberi peluang kepada murid-murid bagi memperoleh latihan intensif, pembelajaran bermakna dan sebagai alat pengesanan (diagnostik). Teknik ini dapat merangsang kemahiran lisan, menambah kefasihan dan keyakinan, menyediakan konteks pembelajaran, serta sebagai alat pemulihan, pengukuhan dan pengayaan. Terdapat beberapa jenis permainan bahasa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengajar Bahasa Melayu iaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan menyampaikan pesanan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan tekalah saya <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan memerhati dan mengingat <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan berpasangan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan slip undian <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK HAFAZAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik ini turut dikenali sebagai teknik latih tubi informan. Pengajaran dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu demonstrasi dan latih tubi. Pembahagian ini mempunyai nisbah 2 : 1 (1 demonstrasi dan 2 latih tubi). Bahagian demonstrasi adalah pengajaran tentang tatabahasa atau nahu, sebutan dan perbendaharaan kata. Demonstrasi dilakukan oleh guru atau informan yang terdiri daripada penutur jati. Melalui bahagian latih tubi pula, informan jati atau guru akan membaca beberapa baris ayat, manakala murid-murid mengajuk sebutan tersebut sehingga ayat-ayat itu dapat dihafal. Berdasarkan teknik hafazan ini, tatabahasa atau nahu diajarkan secara induktif atau melalui ayat-ayat contoh. Selepas tatabahasa diajarkan, pelajaran diteruskan dengan memberi kuliah, mengadakan pementasan drama dan perbincangan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK LATIH TUBI<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik latih tubi ialah aktiviti pengulangan fakta-fakta yang dipelajari. Tujuan teknik ini adalah untuk mencapai penguasaan kemahiran di samping menjamin ketekalannya. Teknik ini boleh digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu kemahiran seperti kemahiran menyebut perkataan, ayat-ayat atau mengingat fakta-fakta penting. Melalui teknik ini, murid-murid akan mengalami proses mendengar, melihat dan memikirkan maksud perkataan-perkataan serta tugasnya dalam situasi yang menggunakan perkataan itu. Teknik ini memberi penekanan kepada lima aspek kebolehan menggunakan bahasa iaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Aspek kebolehan menggunakan bahasa<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Huraian</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutan (accent)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menyebut perkataan atau suku kata dengan betul termasuk intonasi yang membawa makna dalam sesuatu situasi</span></li>
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<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tatabahasa (grammar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penggunaan bahasa yang tepat berdasarkan hukum-hukum bahasa daripada semua aspek</span></li>
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<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbendaharaan kata (vocabulary)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">meluaskannnya dengan penggunaan imbuhan yang sesuai berdasarkan konteksnya dalam situasi tertentu</span></li>
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<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Kefasihan (fluency)</span></li>
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</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> menggunakan perkataan dan lain-lain dengan cara spontan tanpa menitikberatkan maksudnya</span></li>
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<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kefahaman (comprehension)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 217.55pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">latihan memahami soalan dan mengemukakan jawapan yang wajar</span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK PERBINCANGAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik ini didefinisikan sebagai suatu aktiviti mengeluar dan mengulas pendapat tentang sesuatu tajuk. Tujuannya adalah untuk melatih murid-murid meluahkan perasaan dan pendapat dengan bernas. Teknik ini adalah satu aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran berbentuk perbualan yang dilakukan oleh murid-murid dengan penyeliaan dan kawalan seorang guru. Terdapat beberapa langkah dalam menjalankan teknik ini :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru menarik perhatian murid-murid kepada tajuk perbincangan yang akan dijalankan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru membahagikan murid-murid kepada beberapa kumpulan dan melantik seorang ketua.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru memberi tugas kepada setiap kumpulan. Mereka perlu berbincang sesama mereka dan semasa perbincangan berjalan, guru sentiasa memantau perbincangan tersebut supaya terarah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru meminta laporan daripada setiap kumpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">TEKNIK PENYELESAIAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teknik adalah aktiviti yang melibatkan masalah berbentuk perkataan, teka teki, silang kata dan kuiz. Teknik ini memerlukan murid-murid menggunakan kemahiran, prinsip atau teori yang telah mereka pelajari untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang ditimbulkan. Teknik ini melibatkan beberapa aktiviti seperti membimbing murid-murid memahami dan mengenal pasti ciri-ciri masalah, mengingat semula pengalaman lalu, memilih strategi yang sesuai, dan menggunakan kemahiran lisan untuk menjalankan aktiviti penyelesaian. Terdapat beberapa prinsip dalam menjalankan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran melalui teknik ini :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesuatu masalah harus diberikan sebaik sahaja murid-murid memperolehi ilmu pengetahuanatau menguasai kemahiran yang berkaitan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Soalan bermasalah harus dibina berdasarkan kepada kebolehan dan pengetahuan lepas murid-murid serta sesuai dengan pengalaman mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum proses penyelesaian masalah dimulakan, guru perlu membimbing murid-murid memahami dan mengenal pasti masalah itu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru perlu berbincang dengan murid tentang pelbagai cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Guru perlu mengelakkan daripada memberi tunjuk cara untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Guru hanya boleh memberi sedikit bimbingan kepada murid yang berfikir agak lambat secara individu.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-2527801066699019542012-02-15T05:41:00.000-08:002012-02-15T05:41:27.248-08:00pendekatan dan kaedah pengajaran bahasa<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>Pendekatan Binaan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Pendekatan ini dikenali juga sebagai pendekatan sintesis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pendekatan ini menghasilkan kaedah abjad.<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dalam pembelajaran bahasa, murid akan belajar secara beransur-ansur daripada peringkat yang lebih mudah kepada yang kompleks. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Hal ini bertujuan bagi memudahkan murid memahami apa yang telah dipelajari secara berstruktur dan menyeluruh. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dalam pendekatan binaan, murid akan diajar dengan cara atau kaedah dalam menulis abjad, seterusnya suku kata,perkataan, frasa, ayat sehingga mereka boleh mencapai kaedah penulisan pelahiran iaitu melahirkan wacana dengan baik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sebagai contoh, bagi peringkat pratulisan, murid akan diperkenalkan dengan beberapa bentuk yang seakan-akan membentuk huruf seperti bentuk condong, bulatan, separa bulat, zig-zag dan sebagainya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Hal ini bertujuan untuk melatih kemahiran otot halus mereka agar bersedia sebelum menulis abjad. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Setelah mereka berkebolehan dan mengetahui cara untuk menulis kesemua abjad, maka guru akan membimbing murid untuk membina suku kata mengikut diagraf tertentu iaitu suku kata terbuka dan suku kata tertutup seperti perkataan kv+kv, atau kv+kvk dan sebagainya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Hal ini menunjukkan murid sudah bersedia untuk menulis secara mekanis iaitu menulis frasa,klausa, ayat dan seterusnya. </div><div class="MsoNormal">Pendekatan Cerakinan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mencerai-ceraikan satu bahagian yang besar kepada bahagian-bahagian yang kecil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pendekatan ini menghasilkan kaedah pandang dan sebut.<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pendekatan ini pula bertujuan agar murid dapat mengeja dan membaca huruf, suku kata, perkataan dan ayat dengan baik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Maka daripada sebuah ayat lengkap, guru akan mencerakinkan kepada beberapa perkataan bagi memudahkan murid untuk membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Daripada beberapa perkataan,guru akan membatangkan perkataan tersebut mengikut suku kata tertentu seterusnya memperkenalkan satu persatu huruf yang terdapat dalam setiap suku kata. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pendekatan ini akan mempermudahkan lagi guru untuk mengajar menggunakan kaedah fonetik dan kaedah membaca dengan betul.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Terdapat4 peringkat latihan yang boleh diberikan guru kepada murid-muridnya seperti latihan menyebut perkataan, latihan membatangkan perkataan kepada sukukata, latihan membina dan menyebut semula perkataan yang sama serta latihan membina dan membaca ayat sempurna. </div><div class="MsoNormal">Pendekatan Komunikatif</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bermula daripada satu teori yang menganggap bahasa sebagai satu komunikasi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Matlamat pengajaran bahasa mengikut pendekatan ini ialah untuk membentuk apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Hymes (1972) sebagai ‘keupayaan berkomunikasi’.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menekankan penggunaan bahasa dalam komunikasi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Untuk melaksanakan komunikasi dalam kemahiran membaca, guru harus merancang pembelajaran yang boleh mewujudkan situasi di mana:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pelajar boleh berkomunikasi dengan cekap </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tidak hanya tertumpu kepada penguasaan struktur bahasa sahaja </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pelajar perlu berinteraksi dalam bentuk kerja kumpulan/secara berpasangan, dalam melakukan pelbagai aktiviti bagi mewujudkan hubungan interpersonal yang positif.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Aktiviti yang boleh dilaksanakan:-</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal">Bercerita </li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Teater pembaca </li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Laporan/ulasan buku </li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><i>Choral speaking<span> </span></i></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal">PENGALAMAN BAHASA (lea)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memberi penekanan kepada pengalaman atau pengetahuan sedia ada murid-murid dalam membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apabila murid-murid mempunyai pengalaman membaca bahan yang menggunakan laras yang sama serta mereka mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai bidang yang dibincangkan, murid-murid akan mudah memahami mesej yang cuba disampaikan oleh penulis dalam tulisannya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>3 peringkat dalam proses membaca iaitu:-</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>lateral </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Interpretasi & inferens </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penilaian makna </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid – murid perlu mempunyai pengalaman atau pengetahuan sedia ada untuk memudahkan mereka menguasai peringkat – peringkat tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pengalaman mereka membaca pelbagai bahan yang mempunyai pelbagai laras, susuk ayat dan sebagainya akan memudahkan mereka mengenali tulisan tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid-murid mudah mentafsir makna sekiranya bahan yang dibaca berkaitan dengan suatu bidang yang diketahuinya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sebagai contoh:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Jika murid – murid mempunyai pengalaman atau pengetahuan tentang pelancongan, ini akan memudahkan mereka memahami teks yang membincangkan pelancongan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Seseorang guru perlu mengambil tindakan berikut:</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal">Beri sebanyak mungkin pengalaman kepada murid-murid untuk membantu mereka memahami bahan yang dibaca. Pengalaman boleh terdiri daripada pengalaman sendiri atau pengalaman orang lain.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Bahan bacaan yang dipilih oleh guru untuk dibaca oleh murid-murid perlu sesuai dengan pengetahuan sedia ada mereka.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Sediakan bahan-bahan sokongan lain seperti gambar, grafik, bahan maujud dan sebagainya untuk membantu murid-murid mengusai konsep.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Perbincangan mengenai bidang yang terdapat dalam teks bacaan perlu dijalankan sebelum aktiviti membaca.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Guru perlu mempelbagaikan bentuk atau laras bacaan dalam pengajaran pembelajaran bacaan.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Kaedah Pandang dan Sebut</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Kaedah seluruh perkataan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Dimulakan dengan memperkenalkan perkataan dan bukannya huruf atau suku kata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Aktiviti utama – memandang dan menyebut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Perkara yang dipandang - gambar objek yang terdapat pada bahan bantu belajar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Perkara yang disebut - perkataan pada bahan yang ditunjukkan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini mementingkan dua perkara;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Membunyikan perkataan atau rangkai kata berdasarkan pengalaman melalui gambar </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Membunyikan ayat melalui gambar yang mempunyai cerita.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Prosesnya :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengecam dan mengenal perkataan dengan memandang keseluruhannya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Setelah di cam, tidak dibunyikan, tidak juga dieja tetapi perkataan tersebut harus disebut. Pada peringkat permulaan, perkataan yang disampaikan disertakan dengan gambar. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dalam hal mempelajari ayat pula, kanak-kanak diminta mengecam terus ayat-ayat yang pendek dan mudah dengan tidak mengeja satu-satu perkataan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Setelah mengecam diminta terus membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pengulangan serta latih tubi perlu diperbanyakkan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini dikenali juga dengan nama kaedah perkataan, kaedah rangkai kata dan kaedah ayat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini sangat baik dan sesuai digunakan bagi mengajar bacaan jawi terutama bagi perkataan-perkataan yang tidak tetap sistem bunyinya untuk dieja. </div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelebihan kaedah pandang & sebut</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sesuai dengan kehendak ilmu jiwa kanak-kanak kerana mereka mempelajari sesuatu cara keseluruhan, menarik minat murid-murid.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bersesuaian dengan resmi semulajadi kanak-kanak mempelajari sesuatu iaitu daripada keseluruhan kepada bahagian-bahagiannya. Kaedah ini dari awal mementingkan makna. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dengan itu kanak-kanak dari mula mendapat latihan memahami apa yang dibaca oleh mereka.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Guru dapat melatih kanak-kanak membaca dengan sebutan dan irama ataupun alunan suara yang betul dari mula. </div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelemahan kaedah pandang & sebut</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bacaan kanak-kanak mungkin terhad kepada perkataan, rangkai kata dan ayat-ayat yang telah diajarkan sahaja.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini tidak membolehkan kanak-kanak mengenal huruf secara formal. Lambat mengenal bunyi dan suku kata.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid-murid tidak mempunyai asas yang kukuh yang membolehkan mereka membaca sendiri.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Lambat tercapai kemahiran dan kecekapan membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kaedah Abjad</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini mementingkan mengenal nama-nama huruf dan bunyi-bunyi huruf itu,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Cara penyampaian:-</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid menghafaz bentuk huruf menurut susunanya, iaitu a – z(menerusi nyanyian, kad, dsb)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Membunyikan gabungan huruf vokal dan konsonan bagi membentuk suku kata.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penggabungan suku kata membentuk perkataan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pembacaan ayat – ayat mudah yang perkataannya berupa kv + kv.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Rasional kaedah abjad</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Oleh sebab perkataan mengandungi huruf/lambang, murid hendaklah diajar mengenal nama huruf/lambang sebelum mambaca atau mengejanya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menurut Walker;lambang(huruf) hendaklah diajar seluruhnya. Kanak-kanak yang mengenal huruf mempunyai peluang besar untuk mencapai keupayaan membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid berpeluang menjalin huruf konsonan dan huruf vokal bagi membentuk suku kata dan akhirnya perkataan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini bersifat petunjuk dan kanak-kanak diberi peluang berinisiatif. </div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelebihan kaedah abjad</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sesuai dengan susun Bahasa Melayu kerana Bahasa Melayu terdiri daripada suku-suku kata yang hampir tetap bunyinya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Membolehkan kanak-kanak membaca perkataan-perkataan baharu, walaupun belum dipelajarinya kerana mereka dapat mengenal huruf-huruf dan membunyikan vokal dan konsonan dengan baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini memberi asas dan binaan kukuh dalam membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tercapai kecekapan dan kemahiran membaca serta memberi keyakinan kepada murid.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kelemahan kaedah abjad</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid-murid membaca dengan lancar mengikut cara tradisional tanpa memahami apa yang dibacanya. Mereka hanya mementingkan sebutan dan kelancaran membaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid-murid terbawa-bawa tabiat membaca sambil mengeja. Ini mebolehkan mereka membaca merangkak-rangkak dan tidak faham apa yang dibaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kaedah ini dikatakan tidak sesuai dengan kehendak pendidikan dan psikologi murid-murid kerana pengajaran tidak secra keseluruhan yang bermakna.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Boleh membosankan murid-murid terutama apabila mereka diberi latih tubi yang berlebihan.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kaedah Fonik</div><div class="MsoNormal">Cara pelaksanaannya:-</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid menghafaz bunyi huruf (bukan nama huruf) – murid melihat lambang dan menghafaz bunyinya;</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>a dibunyikan aa </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>z dibunyikan zi </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kemudian, murid diajar suku kata setelah tahu hubungan huruf dengan bunyinya: “ba’ tanpa bunyikan “be” dan “aa”.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penggabungan suku kata bagi membentuk perkataan.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>bu + ta = buta </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>bu + ka = buka </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pembacaan ayat – ayat mudah:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ibu beli buku </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ibu buka buku </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ibu baca buku </div><div class="MsoNormal">Rasional kaedah fonik</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Oleh sebab bahasa itu daripada bunyi-bunyi, huruf hanyalah simbol belaka.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menurut Palmer, huruf secara tersendiri bukanlah bahasa. Huruf hanyalah simbol yang dibunyikan bagi menuturkan dan menuliskan bahasa. Dengan bunyi yang ditetapkan, huruf akan menjadi satu unsur bahasa.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Oleh itu, proses pengajaran bacaan asas hendaklah ditumpukan kepada bunyi-bunyi yang diwakili huruf-huruf abjad kerana bunyi-bunyi tersebut membawa makna, bukan hurufnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mohd. Hilmi Haji Ismail menyatakan: sistem ejaan BM ialah fonemik dan oleh sebab suku katanya jelas, maka kaedah suku kata sesuai sekali digunakan untuk mengajar peringkat prabacaan. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">SQ 3R</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>SQ3R adalah singkatan bagi;</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>S (<i>survey</i>) <span> </span>tinjau </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Q (<i>question</i>) soal/tanya </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>R (<i>read</i>) <span> </span>baca </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>R (<i>recite</i>) <span> </span>imbas kembali atau nyatakan <span> </span><span> </span>secara lisan </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>R (<i>review</i>) <span> </span>baca semula</div><div class="MsoNormal">Survey</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid membaca secara pantas untuk mendapatkan gambaran awal tentang isi bacaan mengikut pemahamannya sendiri. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid bebas dalam erti kata menganggap apa yang dibaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pelajar hanya menumpukan bahan/teks kepada tajuk umum/besar, sub tajuk, gambar, simbol ilustrasi, grafik, pemenggalan teks. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Teknik bacaan yang sesuai ialah teknik skimming dan scanning.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Question</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid menyenaraikan bebarapa isi soalan (intipati) yang terkandung dalam teks.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Soalan berdasarkan apa yang ingin diketahui oleh murid tentang topik/isu dalam teks.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Soalan juga berupaya penyenaraian siri soalan yang berkaitan demgan tugasan yang diberi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Soalan juga berupa panduan kepada jawapan yang sebenar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dalam masa yang sama pelajar sendiri mencari jawapan- peramalan jawapan yang paling relevan.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Read</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid dikehendaki membaca secara serius dan memberi tumpuan kepada teks yang dibaca.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dalam masa yang sama, murid cuba mencari jawapan kepada soalan yang disenaraikan tadi dan murid boleh menyenaraikan soalan tambahan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sepanjang masa membaca, murid boleh menaakul maklumat yang terdapat dalam petikan teks/bahan bacaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid juga boleh bertukar-tukar fikiran sama ada menerima atau menolak konsep maklumat yang dibaca. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Recite</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Setelah murid membaca keseluruhan teks, pada peringkat ini murid dikehendaki mengingat kembali semua/sebahagian maklumat yang terdapat dalam teks.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid menyenaraikan maklumat yang berkaitan dengan soalan atau tugasan. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Seterusnya murid dapat menjawab semua soalan tugasan berdasarkan maklumat dalam teks.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid juga boleh memberikan jawapan kepada soalan asal sebelum merujuk jawapan yang terdapat dalam teks. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid boleh membandingkan jawapan mereka.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Review</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pada peringkat ini, murid dikehendaki membaca semua soalan dan jawapan yang ditulis/dicatat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Peringkat ini adalah untuk pengesahan kepada jawapan yang ada pada peringkat recite (imbas kembali).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pastikan bahagian tertentu sudah dijawab berdasarkan fakta dan maklumat dalam teks.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid jangan tertinggal maklumat atau fakta dalam tugasan pada peringkat question/pertanyaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal">KWLH</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Teknik KWLH ialah satu teknik membaca secara kritis yang memerlukan pelajar meninjau perkara-perkara yang telah diketahui, yang akan diketahui dan yang telah dipelajari. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Teknik ini bertujuan menggalakkan pelajar mencari maklumat tambahan daripada pelbagai sumber. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS">Teknik ini juga sesuai dilaksanakan untuk bacaan ekstensif dan kritis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="MS">Tujuan teknik KWLH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid<span> </span>dapat mengaitkan pengetahuan sedia ada dengan bahan atau teks yang diberi untuk proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid sendiri dapat menentukan apa yang diperoleh daripada bahan atau teks yang disediakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid dapat menentukan maklumat tambahan yang perlu dicari daripada sumber lain, selain sumber yang telah disediakan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Murid dapat mengetahui apa yang diperoleh daripada bahan yang sedang diberikan. </div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-31415649322308221022012-02-11T07:11:00.000-08:002012-02-11T07:14:21.615-08:00KEMAHIRAN LISAN, KEMAHIRAN MEMBACA, KEMAHIRAN MENULIS<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Objektif mengajar kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Objektif kemahiran bertutur</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) menyebut dengan jelas;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) menyampai atau melahirkan pendapat peribadi;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) melaporkan peristiwa dan memberi sesuatu huraian dengan tepat;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) memberi penerangan dan al asan;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) menunjuk arah;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(f) membina soalan untuk mencari maklumat;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(g) bertemu ramah;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(h) bertukar-tukar pendapat dan maklumat;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(i) bertutur secara bertatasusila; dan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(j) bertutur menggunakan bahasa yang tepat dan sesuai dengan pendengar dan situasi.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4486274442999357091&postID=3141564932230822102&from=pencil" name="more" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Objektif kemahiran mendengar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) memperoleh idea;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) mencari isi-isi penting;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) melakukan arahan/ tindak balas;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) mengenal pasti perkara yang berhubungan dan tidak berhubungan;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) mengenal pasti isi-isi yang tersirat;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(f) mentafsir makna-makna yang te rsirat,</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(g) mengenal pasti ‘mood’ penutur, suasana, dan keadaan/ konteks, dan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(h) mengesan ‘pengaruh’ penutur sama ada menggunakan logik atau propaganda,</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">iaitu seperti memberi yang baik sahaja, menggunakan nama orang-orang</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">terkemuka atau mengulang sebut apa yang diperkatakan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor yg mempengaruhi tahap penguasaan kemahiran mendengar dan bertutur</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Ada beberapa faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi pertuturan iaitu :-</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a)Faktor Kecerdasan: Ini bermaksud kecerdasan otak yang dihubungkan dengan kemampuan menghasilkan bahasa.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b)Faktor Kesihatan: Ini bermaksud jika seseorang kanak-kanak itu mendapat sakit berlanjutan di masa kecil, penguasaan bahasa mereka akan terganggu. Biasanya kanak-kanak yang lemah dan sakit tidak mempunyai kekuatan untuk berfikir dan bercakap.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c)Faktor Fizikal: Pertuturan biasanya terhasil daripada organ-organ vokal manusia. Jika secara fizikalnya didapati organ-organ ini rosak atau tidak lagi berfungsi maka sudah pasti kanak-kanak itu tidak boleh bertutur dengan baik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d)Faktor Alam Sekeliling: Biasanya faktor taraf sosioekonomi dan perhubungan keluarga boleh mempengaruhi perkembangan bahasa kanak-kanak.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e)Faktor Jantina: Melalui kajian-kajian yang telah dijalankan didapati kanak-kanak perempuan lebih dahulu bercakap daripada kanak- kanak lelaki. Ini disebabkan oleh perkembangan jasmani kanak- kanak perempuan yang berkaitan dengan urat saraf pertuturan mereka berlaku lebih cepat daripada kanak-kanak lelaki.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor mempengaruhi kemahiran mendengar:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kemahiran mendengar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Antaranya ialah faktor fizikal. Kanak-kanak normal mempunyai deria pendengaran yang semula jadi sejak ia dilahirkan. Peringkat kemahiran ini berbeza antara seseorang. Ada yang mempunyai pendengaran yang tajam dan ada yang sebaliknya walaupun mereka tidak tergolong dalam cacat pendengaran.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor yang kedua ialah faktor jantina. Terdapat perbezaan kemahiran antara mendengar antara kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan, misalnya kanak-kanak lelaki yang berumur antara 7-9 tahun lebih lemah kefahaman mendengar berbanding dengan kanak-kanak perempuan yang sebaya dengannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor yang ketiga ialah status sosioekonomi. Letar belakang keluarga, termasuk kemudahan di rumah dan interaksi antara ahli-ahli keluarga mempengaruhi kebolehan mendengar kanak-kanak. Latar belakang keluarga juga boleh mempengaruhi emosi kanak-kanak. Kanak-kanak yang terganggu emosinya tidak akan dapat memberi tumpuan sepenuhnya terhadap apa yang didengar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Fakor yang keempat ialah faktor bunyi. Semasa mendengar biasanya seseorang itu diganggu oleh pelbagai jenis bunyi seperti bunyi bising yang boleh mempengaruhi kebolehan mendengarnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor yang kelima dan terakhir ialah faktor mental. Kemahiran mendengar berkait rapat dengan daya pemikiran seseorang kerana sesuatu yang didengar melalui deria telinga akan melalui proses mental untuk mendapat tindak balas. Tahap pemikiran kanak-kanak akan mempengaruhi kecekapan mereka mendengar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Faktor yg perlu diambil kira sebelum membina bahan P&P</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Kemahiran yang ingin diajarkan.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. kandungan pelajaran</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. tujuan utama ABM tersebut di bina</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4. kepelbagaian fungsi ABM</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5. ABM kekal, tidak mudah rosak dan mesra murid</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Murid dikehendaki melaporkan sesuatu peristiwa. Bagaimanakah caranya menyusun mengikut urutan?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1)kronologi (masa atau peristiwa)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) keutamaan atau kepentingan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) kata tanya (siapa,apa, dimana, bagaimana n mengapa)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) kategori atau ciri</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Nota tentang bacaan mentalis, mekanis, intensif dan ekstensif</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan Mentalis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan mentalis ialah bacaan yang disuarakan dalam hati atau menukarkan isi bacaan kepada maknanya tanpa mengeluarkan suara. Kelajuan bacaan mentalis lebih pantas daripada bacaan mekanis kerana beberapa perkara yang dilakukan dalam bacaan mekanis seperti nada suara, sebutan yang jelas dan sebagainya tidak diperlukan dalam bacaan mentalis. Bacaan mentalis ini dijalankan sesudah murid-murid mencapai kemahiran dan kecekapan bacaan mekanis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Untuk melatih murid-murid supaya boleh membaca dengan sendiri.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Untuk melatih murid-murid supaya boleh membaca dan memahami apa yang dibacanya,</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Untuk melatih murid-murid membaca senyap dengan pantas.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Dapat menggunakan kemahiran membaca senyap untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Dapat menggunakan kemahiran membaca mentalis untuk hiburan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Aktiviti bacaan mentalis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Bacaan ini adalah bacaan untuk kefahaman.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Bahan-bahan yang diajar mestilah berperingkat-peringkat daripada bahan-bahan yang sedikit dan senang kepada bahan-bahan yang banyak dan susah.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Guru memberi dan menentukan bahan bacaan. Semasa pelajaran dijalankan guru membantu dan memandu murid-murid yang lemah.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Guru bersoal jawab dan membincangkan perkataan dan rangkai kata yang susah.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan Mekanis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">mekanis ialah bacaan bersuara yang menyuarakan tulisan dengan sebutan yang jelas dan terang, dengan intonasi dan irama mengikut gaya membaca yang betul dengan menggerakkan alat-alat pertuturan. Bacaan bersuara biasanya dilaksanakan di kelas-kelas rendah atau pada peringkat kelas permulaan. Gunanya adalah untuk latihan teknik supaya kanak-kanak dapat menyembunyikan bunyi-bunyi sebutan dengan sebutan, gaya, dan rentak irama yang sempurna.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan mekanis mempunyai beberapa tujuan:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Membolehkan murid-murid membaca dengan cekap dan pantas dengan sebutan dan intonasi yang betul dan jelas.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Membolehkan murid-murid membaca dengan irama membaca yang betul.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Mengembangkan atau mempelajari unsur bahasa seperti tatabahasa, kosa kata dan juga apabila menggunakan kamus.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Membolehkan murid-murid tahu menggunakan tanda-tanda baca serta tahu pula berhenti pada tempat-tempat berhenti yang betul.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Dapat menggunakan kemahiran bahasa dalam mata-mata pelajaran yang lain.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(f) Untuk membolehkan murid-murid mencapai kemahiran dan kecekapan membaca bersuara.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(g) Dapat mengenal pasti laras bahasa yang pelbagai.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(h) Menikmati unsur estetik dalam bahan bacaan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(i) Dapat mengulas isi yang terdapat dalam bahan bacaan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Aktiviti bacaan mekanis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Antara cadangan aktiviti bacaan mekanis;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Guru memberikan satu petikan dalam satu masa khas untuk bacaan, sesuai dengan kebolehan dan umur murid-murid.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Bersoal jawab dan membantu murid-murid dengan perkataan-perkataan dan rangkai kata yang susah sama ada dari segi sebutan atau makna perkataan-perkataan itu.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Guru membaca sebagai contoh dan murid-murid menyemak bacaan guru.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Guru membaca dan murid-murid mengikut. Boleh dilakukan secara kelas atau kumpulan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Guru memandu murid-murid membaca secara individu bergilir-gilir.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(f) Guru berbincang dan bersoal jawab dengan murid-murid mengenai isu bacaan untuk menguji kefahaman mereka. Ini boleh dilakukan secara lisan dan bertulis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan intensif</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan intensif adalah bacaan yang pada asasnya bertujuan memperkembangkan kebolehan dalam meneliti, memahami dan mentafsir apa sahaja yang dibaca dengan tepat. Di samping itu, ia memberi tekanan kepada kajian terhadap ciri-ciri tatabahasa, meneliti pembentukan dan penggunaan perkataan, serta pemakaian bahasa itu dalam konteks dan situasi yang berlainan. Latihan-latihan bacaan intensif biasanya memerlukan bimbingan dan bantuan penuh daripada guru-guru terutama dalam menghadapi dan menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi oleh murid-murid.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Konsep</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Ia merupakan satu kegiatan membaca yang dikaitkan dengan usaha melanjutkan lagi perkembangan pembelajaran bahasa pelajar di bawah pimpinan guru.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Ia memberi asas untuk pengajar memberi penjelasan atau keterangan mengenai struktur yang sukar dan juga memberi asas untuk memperkembangkan perbendaharaan kata.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Ia dikaitkan dengan aktiviti mengkaji ciri-ciri tatabahasa iaitu susunan kata dalam ayat dan pengertian menurut kamus yang ditemui oleh pelajar dalam bacaannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Ia mengembangkan lagi usaha mengawal penggunaan bahasa dalam pertuturan dan tulisan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Gerak laju dan kelainan latihan adalah dianggap amat penting.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Untuk membolehkan kanak-kanak membaca dengan baik. Betul dari segi sebutan, intonasi, lancar dan tahu menggunakan tanda-tanda bacaan dengan baik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Untuk mengembangkan kebolehan mentafsir apa yang tertulis dalam bacaan itu dengan mengkaji susunan kata dalam ayat dan pengertian dalam kamus.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Membaca secara senyap dengan kepantasan yang sewajarnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Menilai atau mengulas isi-isi yang diperolehi daripada bahan-bahan yang dibaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Mengesan, memaham dan menikmati unsure-unsur estetik dalam bahasa.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(f) Mengenalpasti laras bahasa yang berbagai-bagai.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(g) Membuat rumusan atau kesimpulan daripada apa yang dibaca dan sebagainya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Aktiviti bacaan intensif</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(a) Bahan-bahan bacaan intensif ini bolehlah dibincangkan bersama oleh pelajar-pelajar dalam kelas, kadang-kadang dianalisa dan seterusnya dijadikan asas untuk latihan-latihan menulis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(b) Pelajar-pelajar patut dibenarkan menggunakan kamus atau sebuah buku teks rujukan tatabahasa.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(c) Aktiviti dalam kelas hendaklah ditukar setiap hari. Hari pertama misalnya, mengkaji perkataan dengan menggunakan imbuhan, hari kedua ‘latihan perkamusan’, hari ketiga ‘latihan meneka maksud mengikut konteks’, hari keempat ‘membaca dengan laju’ dan sebagainya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(d) Soalan-soalan untuk bahan Bacaan Intensif boleh dipelbagaikan iaitu bentuk objektif, bentuk salah betul, bentuk lisan ataupun bentuk jawapan bertulis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">(e) Segala kajian harus dibuat secara mendalam.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan Ekstensif</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan ekstensif ialah bacaan meluas yang menekankan aktiviti-aktiviti membaca yang dilakukan di luar kelas. Bacaan ekstensif biasanya memberi tumpuan kepada beberapa aspek terutamanya menitikbemtkan aspek pengukuhan asas bacaan, menambah kemahiran memaham dan menaakul isi bacaan, meningkatkan kepantasan membaca, membina dan mengukuh minat membaca dan kebolehan memetik isi-isi penting. Mengikut kebiasaannya, melalui bacaan ekstensif ini murid akan dapat kepuasan dan keseronokan di samping berpeluang menimba ilmu pengetahuan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Nota tentang pendekatan induktif, deduktif, eklektik dan komunikatif</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan induktif bermula dariapada spesifik kepada umum . Menurut J.M Kierzek dan W.Gibson (1960), pendekatan induktif dimulakan dengan sesuatu sebab atau contoh dan menuju ke arah sesuatu generalisasi. Pendekatan Induktif melibatkan pengumpulan dan pentafsiran maklumat-maklumat yang kemudiannya setiap maklumat ini akan berubah kepada kesimpulan. Murid dibimbing oleh guru bagaimana untuk berfikir, mengkaji, mengenalpasti seterusnya mentafsir maklumat untuk membuat generalisasi/kesimpulan. Pengajaran dan pembelajaran melibatkan seseorang guru boleh membanu pelajar menguasai konsep atau generalisasi berasaskan pemerhatian atau contoh-contoh yang diperoleh. Selain dalam matapelajaran Bahasa Melayu, matapelajaran lain juga menggunakan pendekatan ini iaitu seperti matapelajaran Matematik dan Sains banyak menggunakan pendekatan induktif.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Menurut B.Seaton(1982), pembelajaran melalui pendekatan ini disamakan dengan seorang murid mengalami proses mental yang mana ia memerhati peristiwa tertentu untuk memperoleh satu kesimpulan. Antara prinsip-prinsip penggunaan pendekatan induktif adalah menggunakan contoh-contoh yang relevan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Ini adalah sebagai rujukan kepada murid untuk lebih memahami apa yang cuba disampaikan oleh guru. Setiap guru boleh menggunakan gambar, video ataupun hasil karya dalam penyampaian maklumat kepada murid-murid. Murid-murid juga digalakkan mengemukakan contoh-contoh yang diketahui oleh mereka semasa proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlaku. Selain itu, soalan-soalan akan disediakan untuk membimbing murid membuat kesimpulan. Soalan-soalan ini adalah berkaitan dengan contoh-contoh yang telah dipertunjukkan kepada murid-murid. Sebagai contoh, Bagaimanakah anda menghadapi situasi banjir di rumah?. Seterusnya, guru perlu memberikan peluang kepada pelajar untuk memerhati dan menganalisis contor agar generalisasi dapat dibuat. Untuk lebih memudahkan murid menguasai peraturan-peraturan umum yang diperoleh daripada fakta ataupun contoh khusus, guru perlulah merancang aktiviti berkisar daripada contoh yang telah diberikan. Secara umumnya, jenis pendekaran induktif digunakan bergantung pada hasil pembelajaran yang diinginkan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan deduktif merupakan jenis pengajaran yang bermula daripada umum kepada spesifik. Pendekatan ini merujuk kepada satu pembelajaran dimana pelajar bermula dengan hukum yang umum dan digunakan dalam kes-kes tertentu. Strategi Pengajaran Deduktif merupakan kaedah mengajar yang kompleks kerana murid perlu memperolehi kefahaman yang mendalam /mencukupi serta berupaya memilih rumus, hukum, teorem, peraturan yang telah dipelajari dengan tepat untuk diaplikasi pada contoh-contoh khusus.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan ini mengasaskan pengajaran dan pembelajaran murid kepada hukum-hukum atau tertentu. Pendekatan ini bermula dengan melihat hukum-hukum atau mempelajari peraturan tertentu dan dari sini pembelajaran akan diteruskan dengan menganalisis hukum-hukum melalui contoh atau mengaplikasikan peraturan yang telah diberikan. Secara ringkasnya, seorang guru akan mengemukakan satu konsep, hukum atau kesimpulan dengan menerangkan definisi sebelum memberikan beberapa contoh untuk memperjelas kefahaman. Pelajar perlu menaakul untuk mendapatkan contoh tertentu daripada peraturan umum.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan eklektik menggunakan dua atau lebih kaedah yang menggabungkan segala ciri yang baik daripada pendekatan tersebut dan menggunakannya dalam satu-satu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Pendekatan eklektik dihasilkan dengan menggunakan gabungan pendekatan indukif dan deduktif. Pendekatan ini sesuai untuk kelas yang mempunyai pelajar pelbagai kebolehan. Ada kala kaedah induktif lebih sesuai digunakan untuk segelintir murid manakala ada pula murid yang akan memahami dengan jelas melalui kaedah deduktif.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sebagai contoh, guru boleh memulakan P&P dengan memberikan contoh dan diikuti dengan kesimpulan. Selain itu, proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran boleh diakhiri dengan memberikan contoh diikuti dengan generalisasi. Proses ini lebih menyerupai kepada pendekatan induktif. Jika guru memulakan pelajaran dengan memberikan peraturan atau generalisasi diikuti dengan contoh dan kemudian diakhiri dengan penerangan tentang peraturan, maka ianya lebih kepada pendekatan deduktif. Strategi pengajaran menggunakan pendekatan eklektik boleh dilakukan dengan dua cara iaitu mirip kepada pendekatan induktif ataupun P&P yang lebih mirip kepada pendekatan deduktif. Pendekatan ini banyak digunakan dalam pengajaran Sains danMatematik. Guru boleh mengaplikasikan strategi Pusatan guru, Pusatan murid, Pusatan bahan dalam P&P. Kebanyakkan guru akan menggunaka pendektan ini dalam aktiviti pemulihan dan pengayaan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan komunikatif merupakan pendekatan yang berpusatkan murid iaitu berfokuskan kepada bentuk-bentuk komunikasi iaitu seperti meminta maaf, bercerita ataupun melapor. Situasi ini berlaku dalam amalan masyarakat sehari-harian. Melalui pendekatan ini, penekanan tentang penyerapan bentuk gramatikal adalah untuk tujuan komunikasi.Pendekatan ini wujud kerana pendekatan lain lebih mementingkan penguasaan bahasa pada peringkat membina ayat-ayat yang betul secara pencilan yang terkeluar daripada konteks wacana. Hasilnya, pekajar tidak akan menguasai kecekapan berkomunikasi. Penguasaan komunikasi adalah perlu agar pelajar dapat membuat pemilihan struktur ayat yang betul mengikut konteks bahasa.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Prinsip-prinsip pendekatan komunikatif ini adalah berkaitan dengan pengetahuan murid dalam aktiviti yang akan dilakukan . Setiap guru haruslah merancang terlebih dahulu aktiviti agar murid dapat menggunakan bahasa dalam berkomunikasi. Selain itu, pengajaran bahasa dibuat dalam konteks wacana dan guru perlu mengajar bahasa yang melampaui batas ayat agar pelajar dapat berkomunikai secara berkesan. Pengajaran bahasa lebih mengikut proses komunikasi sebenar iaitu seperti perbualan dalam kehidupan sehari-harian.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kebolehan pelajar melibatkan diri dalam situasi pengajaran dan pembelajaran bermakna di dalam bilik darjah merupakan kehendak standard untuk setiap warganegara yang bertanggungjawab dalam masyarakat moden dan demokratik.Kita harus melahirkan pelajar sebagai pemikir berkesan dan ini merupakan matlamat penting dalam dunia pendidikan. Jika kita inginkan murid bertidak secara efektif dalam setiap aktiviti yang dianjurkan, maka kita perlu menyesuaikan pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik yang digunakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bacaan skimming</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bagaimana Melakukan skimming?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Skimming dilakukan dengan cara membaca judul bab, sub bab, dan beberapa alinea pertama dalam setiap bab-nya. Jika buku tersebut memuat kesimpulan dalam tiap bab, maka anda dapat pula membaca sekilas ringkasan tadi.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Fungsi skimming adalah mendapatkan idea utama tentang topik bacaan, bukan detailnya. Jadi skimming dapat dikatakan berhasil jika anda boleh mendapatkan idea pokok dan boleh membayangkan apa yang dibahas dalam keseluruhan isi buku secara umum.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Proses skimming ini sangat berharga sebelum anda membaca secara mendalam halaman demi halaman. Dengan skimming anda mempersiapkan otak untuk menghadapi bahan bacaan yang sesungguhnya. Selain itu skimming juga berguna menciptakan rasa ingin tahu, memastikan apakah buku yang akan dibaca sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, dan mendapatkan pokok cerita.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Fungsi Skimming</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Selain untuk melakukan pembacaan sekilas, skimming juga berguna dalam banyak proses membaca lainnya. Adapun beberapa alasan mengapa skimming dapat dilakukan tanpa harus terlalu khawatir kehilangan makna adalah:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kebanyakan kalimat hanya memiliki beberapa kata penting yang menjadi pembentuk strukturnya. Dengan menghilangkan kata-kata lain yang tidak terlalu penting, maka makna kalimat sudah dapat ditangkap tanpa harus kehilangan makna sesungguhnya. Pada kesempatan yang akan datang saya akan membahas hal ini yang dikenal pula dengan nama telegraphic reading.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">- Dalam bahan bacaan yang cukup tebal, tidak semua bahagian memiliki tingkat kesulitan yang sama. Ada bahagian tertentu yang memang relatif lebih ringan dan mudah dipahami dibandingkan dengan bagian yang lain. Bahagian yang ringan dapat dibaca dengan sangat cepat lewat skimming sedangkan bagian yang lebih sulit dibaca secara lebih lengkap dan teliti.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">- Ada kata-kata tertentu yang sangat penting dan berperan dalam membentuk struktur kalimat yakni subjek dan predikat. Masing ingat pelajaran bahasa Indonesia dulu? Subjek-Predikat-Objek-Keterangan (SPOK)? Dengan menguasai struktur kalimat dalam bahan bacaan dan menguasai terutama Subjek dan Predikat, maka inti bacaan sudah dapat dikenali. Karena itu, berfokuslah pada kata benda dan kata kerja. Selain itu, kuasai pula kata-kata penghubung yang bisa mengubah makna kalimat secara nyata jika kata-kata tersebut dihilangkan. Kata-kata tersebut antara lain: tidak, bukan, meskipun, akan tetapi, sebaliknya, pada sisi yang lain, dst.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Proses Skimming</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Karena skimming berguna untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum suatu bahan bacaan, maka perlu koordinasi yang baik ketika melakukan skimming dengan otak yang aktif bertanya, menganalisa, membandingkan, serta membuat kesimpulan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Oleh karena itu, jangan dianggap skimming seperti membaca sambil lalu. Sebaliknya, dibutuhkan proses membaca aktif di mana semua indera yang terlibat bekerja, mulai dari mata, otak, bahkan indra lain seperti penciuman dan pendengaran. Membaca aktif adalah ketika Anda seolah-olah masuk ke dalam bahan bacaan itu sendiri dan bisa mendengar, mencium serta merasakan apa-apa yang dituliskan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Berikut adalah bagian-bagian penting yang perlu diperhatikan ketika melakukan skimming:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Baca cover atau jacket buku yang biasanya menjelaskan tema besar buku tersebut dan mengapa buku tersebut penting buat Anda</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Baca kata pengantar. Banyak orang malas membaca pengantar karena dianggap basa-basi. Hal tersebut keliru. Kata pengantar seringkali sangat penting karena penulis biasanya menjelaskan proses penulisan buku tersebut dari awal sampai selesai serta pendekatan yang digunakannya. Dari kata pengantar Anda bisa mendapat gambaran apakah buku yang sedang dipegang memang layak untuk dibaca sampai selesai atau sebenarnya tidak penting buat Anda. Bagian yang berupa ucapan terima kasih, penghargaan dan sejenisnya bisa dilewatkan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Baca daftar isi. Ya, banyak orang juga melewati bagian ini dan langsung melompat ke bab pertama. Ingat, daftar isi memberi gambaran struktur pembahasan dalam buku. Ini akan membantu Anda menguasai bahan bacaan dalam konteks yang besar dan lengkap. Selain itu, tidak setiap bab penting untuk dibaca. Ada bab-bab yang bisa jadi sudah Anda pahami dari buku-buku yang pernah dibaca sebelumnya sehingga bisa dilewatkan atau dibaca sekilas saja. Energi yang lebih besar nantinya dapat difokuskan pada informasi baru yang memang perlu Anda kuasai dari bahan bacaan tersebut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Baca judul bab, sub judul dan heading. Amati diagram, gambar dan keterangan tambahan. Secara cepat baca setiap halaman hanya 1-2 detik saja. Baca judul bab, sub judul, heading serta amati secara singkat gambar atau diagram yang menjadi penjelas bab tersebut. Dapatkan ide pokok hanya dari judul tadi. Ingat, Anda juga telah menguasai struktur penulisan ketika mempelajari daftar isi sebelumnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah ini mementingkan membunyikan bunyi-bunyi bacaan dan bunyi ayat melalui gambar. Apakah nama kaedah tersebut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah pandang sebut - kaedah membunyikan perkataan dan membunyikan ayat melalui gambar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan teknik KWLH</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) Tujuan teknik KWLH ialah membaca secara kritis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) mengaitkan pengalaman yang sedia ada dengan perkara yang dibaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) mengaitkan minat membaca perkara-perkara yang hendak diketahui.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) mengenal pasti perkara-perkara yang sudah dipelajari dan perkara-perkara tambahan yang perlu diketahui lagi.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) meningkatkan pemahaman pembaca berkenaan sesuatu bahan yang dibaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan objektif pengajaran di dalam kelas. Tujuan guru mengajar</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan objektif pengajaran :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) menyedarkan semua pihak yang terlibat dalam pendidikan bahawa segala aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dijalankan itu tidak dilakukan secara sambil lewa atau sewenang-wenangnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) Objektif pengajaran menggariskan dengan jelas arah pengajaran dan memberi panduan kepada penggubal soalan peperiksaan dari segi bentuk dan kandungannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) membantu guru mengenalpasti apa yang hendak diajar dan memandu mereka dalam membuat pemilihan kaedah/strtegi pengajaran-pembelajaran termasuk jenis-jenis bantuan teknologi pendidikan yang sesuai digunakan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) memberi asas kepada guru dalam menilai pelaksanaan rancangan pengajaran, keberkesanan pengajaran dan pencapaian (prestasi) pelajar-pelajar, memberi asas kepada guru dalam melaksanakn pengajaran pemulihan atau penggayaan kepada pelajar-pelajar yang memerlukannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) menyedarkan pelajar-pelajar tentang apa yangdiharapkan dicapai oleh mereka pada akhir pembelajaran, justeru diharap mereka akan lebih peka dalam mempertingkatkan pembelajaran.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan penentuan langkah</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Mengurangkan pembaziran masa</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Memfokuskan guru kepada bidang diajar dan isi yang cukup dalam tempoh waktu yang diperuntukkan;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">- Membolehkan guru menghadapi murid dengan yakin dan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Membantu guru mengingati isi pelajaran yang disampaikan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Binaan instrument penilaian (ujian &peperiksaan)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Penilaian pendidikan adalah proses pengumpulan dan pengolahan informasi untuk menentukan pencapaian hasil belajar peserta didik. Untuk itu, diperlukan standar penilaian. Standar penilaian pendidikan adalah standar nasional pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan mekanisme, prosedur, dan instrumen penilaian hasil belajar peserta didik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tulisan tentang Standar Penilaian Pendidikan ini saya dasarkan pada lampiran permendiknas 20/2007. Ada 4 (empat) tulisan/judul posting yang merupakan satu rangkaian:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Jenis Penilaian</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Prinsip Peniliaian</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Teknik dan Instrumen Penilaian</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Mekanisme dan Prosedur Penilaian</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Teknik dan Instrumen Penilaian</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Penilaian hasil belajar oleh pendidik menggunakan berbagai teknik penilaian berupa tes, observasi, penugasan perseorangan atau kelompok, dan bentuk lain yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kompetensi dan tingkat perkembangan peserta didik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Teknik tes berupa tes tertulis, tes lisan, dan tes praktik atau tes kinerja.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Teknik observasi atau pengamatan dilakukan selama pembelajaran berlangsung dan/atau di luar kegiatan pembelajaran.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4. Teknik penugasan baik perseorangan maupun kelompok dapat berbentuk tugas rumah dan/atau proek.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5. Instrumen penilaian hasil belajar yang digunakan pendidik memenuhi persyaratan (a) substansi, adalah merepresentasikan kompetensi yang dinilai, (b) konstruksi, adalah memenuhi persyaratan teknis sesuai dengan bentuk instrumen yang digunakan, dan (c) bahasa, adalah menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan benar serta komunikatif sesuai dengan taraf perkembangan peserta didik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6. Instrumen penilaian yang digunakan oleh satuan pendidikan dalam bentuk ujian sekolah/madrasah memenuhi persyaratan substansi, konstruksi, dan bahasa, serta memiliki bukti validitas empirik.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">7. Instrumen penilaian yang digunakan oleh pemerintah dalam bentuk UN memenuhi persyaratan substansi, konstruksi, bahasa, dan memiliki bukti validitas empirik serta menghasilkan skor yang dapat diperbandingkan antarsekolah, antardaerah, dan antartahun.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan penulisan (sebab guru mengajar di sekolah)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Terbahagi kepada 2</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Tujuan serta merta</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Tujuan lanjut</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">TUJUAN SERTA MERTA</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Mendirikan asas menulis yang kukuh bagi membolehkan kanak-kanak menulis dengan baik, cekap dan pantas</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Membolehkan kanak-kanak mengeja perkataan-perkataan dengan pantas dan menyusun ayat-ayat dengan betul dan boleh difahami oleh pembaca</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Kanak-kanak mengulangi pelajarannya dengan cara membaca tulisan-tulisan yang tercatat atau mebaca buku-buku luar untuk menambahkan lagi isi bacaannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">TUJUAN LANJUT</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Meluaskan pengetahuan, pengalaman, perhubungan dan matlamat menerusi penulisan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Memberikan kepuasan jiwa dalam pemikiran, pengalaman dan perasaan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Menyediakan mereka dengan pengetahuan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Matlamat utama penulisan</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Menghasilkan penulisan kreatif dan bukan kreatif yang menggunakan bahasa yang gramatis dan laras yang tepat , serta memperlihatkan pertautan idea dan wacana yang kemas dengan pemikiran yang kritis dan analitis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
Tujuan menulis karangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan Mengarang</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan utama menulis atau mengarang adalah sebagai sarana komunikasi tidak langsung. Tujuan menulis banyak sekali ragamnya. Tujuan menulis secara umum adalah memberikan arahan, menjelaskan sesuatu, menceritakan kejadian, meringkaskan, dan menyakinkan (Semi, 2003:14-154). Menurut Syafie’ie (1988:51-52), tujuan penulisan dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) mengubah keyakinan pembaca;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) menanamkan pemahaman sesuatu terhadap pembaca;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) merangsang proses berpikir pembaca;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) menyenangkan atau menghibur pembaca;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) memberitahu pembaca; dan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6) memotivasi pembaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Selain itu, Hugo Harting (dalam Tarigan, 1994:24-25) mengkalasifikasikan tujuan penulisan, antara lain tujuan penugasan (assingnment purpose), tujuan altruistik (altruistic purpose), tujuan persuasi (persuasive purpose), tujuan penerangan (informational purpose), tujuan penyataan (self-expressive purpose), tujuan kreatif (creative purpose), dan tujuan pemecahan masalah (problem-solving purpose).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan-tujuan penulisan tersebut kadang-kadang berdiri sendiri secara terpisah, tetapi sering pula tujuan ini tidak berdiri sendiri melainkan merupakan gabungan dari dua atau lebih tujuan yang menyatu dalam suatu tulisan. Oleh karena itu, tugas seorang penulis tidak hanya memilih topik pembicaraan yang sesuai atau serasi, tetapi juga harus menentukan tujuan yang jelas. Penentuan tujuan menulis sangat erat hubungannya dengan bentuk atau jenis-jenis tulisan atau karangan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuan ejaan diajar</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Dapat melatih murid-mrid mendengar perkataan dengan baik dan menulisnya dengan tepat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Dapat melatih dan meningkatkan pengamatan murid-murid melalui deria telinga</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Dapat melatih murid-murid menulis melalui pendengaran dan bukan melalui peniruan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4. Melatih murid-murid mengenali dan mempertingkatkan kepekaan mereka terhadap perkataan-perkataan tertentu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5. Meningkatkan kefahaman murid-murid terhadap makna atau konteks perkataan dan boleh menggunakannya dalam konteks situasi yang betul</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6. Menigkatkan perbendaharaan kata murid-murid</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah mengeja yang betul</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">i) Kaedah mengeja</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-mengeja dan membatang suku kata seperti b, a, = ba; t, u = tu. Kemudian suku-suku kata ini digabungkan menjadi perkataan, misalnya ba, tu = batu.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">- Mengeja terus sesuatu perkataan seperti b, a, t, u = batu</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">ii) Kaedah bunyi</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Membunyikan suku kata dan menyambungkan dengan suku kata yang lain,misalnya ba, tang = batang</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Membunyikan huruf-huruf dahulu, lepas itu menjadikannya suku kata danakhirnya perkataan. Misalnya ,- b (beh), a (ah) = ba- t (teh), u (uh) = tu- ba + tu = batu</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">iii) Kaedah Huruf</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kaedah ini yang tertua dijalankan dari semenjak kerajaan Greek dan Rom. Kaedah ini mementingkan mengenal nama-nama huruf dan bunyi huruf-huruf itu</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kaedah ini dimulakan dengan mengenal nama-nama huruf ± a, b, c, d ± y, z,vokal dan konsonan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Di dalam bahasa Malaysia yang dibunyikan ialah:vokal - a, e, i, o, uvokal dan konsonan ba, be, bi, bo, bu diftong ai, au, oi.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kemudian bunyi-bunyi itu disambung supaya menjadi suku kata, misalnya ba +tu = batu, a + ku =aku dan sebagainya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kemudian mengenal rangkai kata, ayat dan seterusnya diajar membaca</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">iv) Kaedah Pandang Sebut</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">-Kaedah ini mementingkan dua perkara:- Membunyikan perkataan atau rangkai kata berdasarkan pengalaman melaluigambar.- Membunyikan ayat melalui gambar yang ada cerita</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
Peringkat pengajian menulis</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat pengajian menulis terbahagi kepada 3 :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) Peringkat pramenulis (persediaan)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Peringkat mendirikan asas (peringkat mekanis)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Peringkat untuk pelahiran</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat Pramenulis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat pramenulis ialah tempoh masa murid – murid disediakan dengan aktiviti – aktiviti menulis sebelum mereka dapat menulis huruf – huruf dengan kemas dan betul. Dalam tempoh masa ini latihan otot – otot, tangan dan jari serta kordinasi tangan dan mata diberi kepada murid – murid dari awal – awal lagi. Keadaan ini membolehkan mereka menguasai kemahiran membentuk lambang – lambang yang kemas, dan jelas. Pelajaran tulisan yang dirancangkan haruslah sistematik, bertitik – tolak daripada aktiviti – aktiiviti pramenulis yang berbentuk bebas. Latihan – latihan pratulisan ini mementingkan perkara – perkara berikut .</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Melakukan latihan – latihan pergerakan tangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Menguasai gerak tangan yang bebas supaya boleh menulis dengan selesa dan sempurna</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Melakukan latihan – latihan pergerakan mata</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Melakukan latihan – latihan kordinasi tangan dan mata</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Contoh latihan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) Latihan mewarnakan dari kiri ke kanan atau dari kanan ke kiri</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) Latihan mengikut garisan – garisan rajah atau gambar dari kiri ke kanan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) Latihan – latihan membentuk garisan lurus</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) Latihan membentuk bulatan di udara, di meja, di lantai, di atas pasir tanpa menggunakan alat tulis (lukis bulatan dari kecil ke besar)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) Latihan melukis gambar – gambar yang mengandungi garisan – garisan lurus dan bulat,</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6) Latihan membentuk corak – corak campuran bulatan dan garisan lurus dan ia dilakukan dengan bebas</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat mendirikan asas (peringkat tulisan mekanis)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Setelah murid – murid menjalankan latihan pratulisan, faham dan tahu memegang pensel serta boleh duduk dengan cara yang betul. Mereka boleh dilatih membentuk lambang – lambang tulisan. Pada peringkat awal, dicadangkan murid membentuk huruf di kertas kosong yang tidak mempunyai sebarang garisan. Setelah didapati memuaskan, barulah murid tersebut dilatih membentuk huruf pada halaman yang bergaris. Apabila murid mula membentuk huruf pada kertas bergaris, kawalan tulisan perlu dilakukan. Ia harus bermula daripada garisan yang lebar hingga kepada lembaran satu garis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Contoh latihan menulis terkawal dari mula hingga ke lembaran satu garis</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) Latihan membentuk bulatan dan garis lurus dlaam keadaan yang terkawal</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) Latihan menulis huruf di atas kertas bergaris dua</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) Latihan menulis huruf di atas kertas bergaris Saturday latihan membentuk lambing tulisan dengan cara yang betul untuk mendapat keseragaman cara menulis bagi menghasilkan tulisan yang seragam dan mudah dibaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Semasa menyampaikan kemahiran tersebut, guru haruslah memberikan perhatian kepada beberapa perkara.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) Kanak – kanak harusdiperkenalkan pada lambang – lambang huruf dengan menggunakan gambar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Sebelum dilatih menulis, latihan bebas perlu diberikan untuk membentulkan urat – urat daging kanak – kanak</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Kanak – kanak menulis dengan mengeja dan menyebut nama – nama huruf</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d) Menggunakan kertas, mula – mula tidak bergaris dan selepas itu barulah menggunakan buku yang bergaris</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e) Setelah kanak – kanak dapat menggunakan alat – alat dengan baik, barulah dilatih menggunakan buku dan alat – alat lain yang sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Contoh latihan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) Menekap huruf mengikut urutan yang ditetapkan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) Menulis huruf mengikut urutan yang ditetapkan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) Memadankan dan menyalin dua suku kaata supaya menjadi perkataan yang bermakna</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) Menulis huruf yang tertinggal dalam ruang atau petak yang dikosongkan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) Menyalin perkataan yang mudah</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6) Menyalin ayat – ayat yang mudah</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat Menulis untuk kelahiran</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Setelah menguasai tulisan mekanis, murid- murid patut digalakkan melahirkan fikiran mereka secara bertulis. Cara – cara yang dicadangkan ialah bermula daripada yang terkawal iaitu berpandukan gambar – gambar dan perkataan, mengisi tempat kosong, melengkapkan ayat – ayat dan perenggan sehingga murid – murid itu boleh menghasilkan tulisan tanpa panduan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Contoh latihan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1) Mengisi silang kata</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2) Mengisi tempat kosong dalam ayat</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3) Melengkapkan ayat dengan menambahkan rangkai kata yang sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4) Menuliskan ayat yang lengkap dengan perkataan yang diberikan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5) Memanjangkan ayat dengan menambahkan rangkai kata yang sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6) Membentuk ayat – ayat bagi menyudahkan ayat</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">7) Menulis ayat – ayat berdasarkan gambar – gambar yang disediakan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">8) Menulis jawapan – jawpaan kefahaman</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">9) Menulis rencana daripada bahan yang diperlihatkan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">10) Menulis karangan daripada tajuk yang disediakan (rujuk sukatan pelajaran BM sekolah rendah)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
Peringkat permulaan karangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sebelum membuat sesebuah karangan, kita hendaklah memilih dan mamahamkan tajuk karangan. Selepas itu, kita hendaklah fikirkan tentang</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) Pengenalan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Isi karangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Penutup</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat permulaan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Setiap karangan mestilah mempunyai pembukaan atau pengenalan. Dalam pengenalan ini, kita hendaklah memperkenalkan sesuatu perkara atau tajuk yang mungkin pembaca tidak tahu atau tidak faham. Kita haruslah berusaha untuk menarik perhatian pembaca supaya untuk terus ingin membaca karangan itu. Pengenalan karangan tersebut tidak perlu panjang dan memadai dibuat secara ringkas dan secara umum sahaja.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat-peringkat Mengajar Bacaan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pengajaran bacaan yang dijalankan boleh guru bahasa tertumpu kepada dua kemahiran iaitu bacaan secara kuat (bacaan mekanis) dan bacaan secara senyap (bacaan mentalis/akaliah). Kemahiran membaca kuat lebih menumpukan kepada kemahiran sebutan, intonasi, dan gaya membaca (membaca berita). Manakala bacaan senyap merupakan kemahiran membaca untuk memaham dan juga kepantasan membaca petikan sesuatu bahan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Mengajar kemahiran membaca kepada kanak-kanak hendaklah dibuat secara berperingkat-peringkat supaya mereka dapat menguasai kemahiran membaca dengan baik. Kamarudin Hj. Husin (1988) membahagikan pengajaran bacaan kepada lima peringkat:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">i. peringkat menyediakan murid</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">ii. peringkat mendirikan asas</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">iii. peringkat melatih membaca dan memaham</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">iv. peringkat melatih membaca untuk hiburan atau mencari maklumat</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">v. peringkat membina dan mengukuhkan sikap gemar membaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Apabila kanak-kanak memasuki tahun satu persekolahan, guru perlu menyiasat terlebih dahulu tahap kesediaan murid terutamanya penguasaan bahasa dan juga emosi murid. Pengetahuan guru tentang tahap kesediaan membaca murid dan juga kemahiran sedia ada murid akan dapat membantu guru untuk menyediakan murid bagi pelajaran membaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat mendirikan asas bacaan sangat penting dalam pengajaran kemahiran membaca kepada murid-murid. Pada peringkat ini guru perlu menggunakan pelbagai alat bantu mengajar dan juga bahan bacaan yang sesuai. Bahan bacaan yang digunakan hendaklah ringkas, menarik, dan bermakna. Kemahiran asas bacaan bermula dengan mengenal abjad, suku kata, perkataan, frasa, dan seterusnya ayat. Pada peringkat ini juga galakan dan dorongan perlu diberikan kepada murid secara berterusan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Peringkat seterusnya adalah melatih membaca dan memaham. Pada peringkat ini bahan bacaan yang digunakan hendaklah dipilih dengan baik. Selain menekankan aspek sebutan dan kelancaran, guru juga mula menekankan aspek pemahaman. Kebiasaan murid membaca nyaring boleh dikurangkan kepada bacaan senyap secara beransur-ansur. Soalan-soalan guru berkaitan bahan yang dibaca akan membantu murid membina kemahiran memaham.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Setelah kanak-kanak sudah boleh membaca dengan lancar dan seterusnya memahami isi bahan yang dibaca, mereka akan menggunakan kemahiran ini untuk memilih bahan bacaan lain untuk mencari maklumat dan juga untuk mengisi masa lapang. Guru boleh membantu kanak-kanak dengan mengajar mereka kemahiran mencari maklumat di pusat sumber dan juga internet.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Akhir sekali adalah peringkat membina sikap suka membaca. Sikap suka membaca hendaklah dipupuk di peringkat sekolah lagi supaya sebati dengan jiwa kanak-kanak. Kebiasaannya sekolah kerap mengadakan pertandingan membaca, pameran buku, peraduan mengarang, dan sebagainya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Perkara yang diperlukan dalam penulisan karangan oleh murid</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sebelum penulisan:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Mencari dan memahami kata kunci bagi soalan atau tajuk karangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Perancangan penulisan – penyusunan isi-isi penting serta huraian atau contoh</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Mengetahui format penulisan karangan yang dikehendaki</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Semasa penulisan:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Penghuraian isi-isi penting – bagi menguatkan isi atau fakta yang hendak dinyatakan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Menggunakan laras bahasa yang sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Memberikan tumpuan kepada isi-isi yang tertinggal</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Selepas penulisan:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Membuat semakan terhadap kesilapan penggunaan tatabahasa – kata hubung, tanda baca, kata ganti diri dan ejaan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Memastikan format karangan adalah betul</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
Prinsip pemilihan bahan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Prinsip pemilihan Bahan Bantu Mengajar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Terdapat beberapa garis panduan pemilihan bahan pengajaran, dan prinsip-prinsip pemilihan bahan pengajaran bahasa dirumuskan seperti yang berikut :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1. Sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Perkataan sesuai itu sendiri membawa maksud bertepatan, di mana konsep sesuatu mata pelajaran boleh diikuti oleh pelajar. Tajuk dan juga keterangan berkaitan dengan mata pelajaran. Perbendaharaan kata dan bahasa yang digunakan boleh difahami oleh pelajar menepati seperti yang dikehendaki oleh kumpulan atau individu. Pemilihan bahan hendaklah mempunyai hubungan kesesuian dengan perkara-perkara seperti berikut :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) objektif dan matlamat pengajaran bahasa</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik pengajaran</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Keadaan pelajar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d) Suasana pembelajaran</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e) Minat pelajar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bahan pengajaran yang dipilih hendaklah sesuai dengan matlamat dan objektif pengajaran. Oleh itu, guru hendaklah menentukan objektif pengajaran terlebih dahulu sebelum memilih sesuatu bahan. Dengan objektif pengajaran yang tertentu, guru boleh memilih bahan-bahan yang sesuai dan dapat membantu kearah pencapaian objektif tersebut. Bahan yang dipilih juga hendaklah sesuai dengan hasrat Falsafah Pendidikan Negara dan juga bersesuaian dengan kebudayaan, adat resam, kepercayaan dan situasi tempatan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Guru juga sepatutnya mengambil kira keadaan pelajarnya yang datang daripada pelbagai latar belakang pengalaman sosial, pendidikan, ekonomi, taraf pencapaian dan sebagainya ketika menyediakan bahan. Bahan-bahan yang sesuai dengan segolongan pelajar, mungkin tidak sesuai dengan segolongan pelajar yang lain. Faktor lain adalah suasana pembelajaran, dimana bahan yang sesuai dengan suasana pembelajaran akan meninggalkan kesan yang baik. Elemen penting dalam suasana pembelajaran ialah pelajar, isi pelajaran, bahan dan guru. Dalam proses pembelajaran pula, rangsangan yang mengarah pada pemikiran dan seterusnya mewujudkan tingkah laku tertentu merupakan tiga konsep yang penting.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Mencabar</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Terdapat tiga konsep penting yang perlu wujud dalam proses pembelajaran iaitu rangsangan, pemikiran dan tingkah laku. Oleh yang demikian, bahan-bahan yang dipilih dapat memberikan rangsangan untuk pelajar berfikir dan mendorong mereka untuk terus belajar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Satu strategi pemeringkatan bahan pembelajaran yang dapat mencabar pemikiran pelajar ialah bahan-bahan yang dipilih itu mesti terdiri daripada bahan-bahan yang mengandungi ciri-ciri berikut :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) bahan yang konkrit kepada bahan yang abstrak.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Bahan yang mudah kepada yang kompleks.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Bahan yang mengandungi fakta terasing kepada bahan yang mempunyai hubungan yang bersepadu.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d) Bahan yang khusus kepada bahan yang umum (induktif)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e) Bahan yang umum kepada yang khusus (deduktif)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">f) Bahan yang umum kepada teori.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">g) Bahan masakini kepada masa akan datang.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">3. Menepati</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Ketepatan bahan pengajaran dimaksudkan sebagai isi kandungan bahan pengajaran yang menepati kandungan kurikulum pengajaran. Bahan pengajaran yang dipilih mestilah menunjukkan perkaitan antara aspek kandungan bahasa, proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran. Ketepatan sesuatu bahan dengan kurikulum pengajaran bahasa adalah berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang berikut:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) Isi kandungan sesuai dengan kemampuan dan kehendak pelajar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Susunan bahan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Mengandungi maklumat atau fakta yang yang tepat.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d) Maklumat yang kemaskini</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e) Perbendaharaan kata yang sesuai</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">f) Bahan pengajaran yang diperakui.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">4. Menarik</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">a) Reka letak ; peta, lukisan, carta, jadual, graf, rajah, gambar atau kartun mestilah disusun berhampiran dengan sesuatu maklumat yang berkaitan. Ini akan memydahkan pelajar membuat rujukan atau memahami sesuatu konsep.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b) Saiz huruf cetak atau saiz huruf haruslah sesuai dengan peringkat umur pelajar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">c) Ilustrasi dan bahan grafik bukan sahaja menghiasi bahan pengajaran, tetapi berfungsi sebagai manifestasi visual sesuatu maklumat yang akan dapat menambah atau mengukuhkan pembacaan pemahaman.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">d) Kualiti kulit dan cara buku dijilid</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">e) Bahan pengajaran mengandungi arahan yang jelas.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">5. Jimat dan mudah</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sekiranya untuk menghasilkan bahan bantu mengajar tersebut dibeli,tidak semestinya mahal.sebaliknya bahan tersebut boleh dihasilkan dengan kreativiti guru contohnya dengan menggunakan bahan terbuang.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">6. Praktikal</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran seharusnya praktikal sama ada kepada guru atau pelajar. Bahan pengajaran seharusnya sederhan dan mudah digunakan serta menggunakan bentuk bahasa yang yang berdasarkan situasi sebenar. Ini dapat membantu pelajar menggunakan bahasa dalam komunikasi. Selain itu, bahan tersebut seharusnya tahan lasak jika digunakan berulang-ulang kali dan sekiranya digunakan untuk lebih dari satu mata pelajaran dan juga sesuai pada masa dan mata pelajaran lain.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">7. Mudah alih</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bahan pengajaran yang dipilih hendaklah sentiasa berfungsi, boleh dibawa kemana-mana dan tidak terlalu berat atau besar.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pemilihan bahan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang terdiri daripada bahan-bahan teks atau sumber-sumber lain semestinya dilihat daripada tiga perspektif iaitu perspektif komunikatif atau fungsional, perspektif struktural dan perspektif kemahiran. Ketiga-tiga aspek ini biasanya lebih ditumpukan ke atas murid-murid itu sendiri.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
Kawalan bahan pengajaran bertujuan supaya pengajaran dapat disampaikan dengan seimbang. Mengapa perlu kawalan bahan</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Tujuannya supaya bahan-bahan pelajaran bahasa dapat disampaikan secara berseimbangan. Ini bermakna guru harus dapat mengawal masa dan bahan-bahan yang hendak disampaikan sesuai dengan satu-satu waktu mengajar yang ditentukan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Guru harus:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Mengawal masa dan bahan-bahan yang hendak disampaikan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Memastikan kecukupan masa dan kesesuaian bahan dengan waktu pengajaran.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Apa yang dirancangkan itu hendaklah dilaksanakan sepenuhnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Bahan-bahan yang tidak selesai disampaikan dalam pelajaran pertama hendaklah disempurnakan dalam pelajaran berikutnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Dikawal supaya bahan-bahan tersebut tidak diajar berulang kali.</span><br />
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Kesalahan yang biasa oleh murid-murid semasa menulis karangan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan pertama ialah kesalahan memilih tajuk. Kesalahan memilih tajuk biasanya berlaku kerana murid tidak memahami apa yang dikehendaki oleh soalan. Keadaan ini terjadi mungkin murid terburu-buru menyiapkan karangan. Mereka menulis karangan asalkan siap sahaja.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan kedua ialah kekurangan isi. Oleh sebab kekurangan isi, sesetengah murid menghuraikan isi secara mendatar atau meleret-leret. Ini juga boleh menyebabkan terjadinya pengulangan isi yang sama. Hal ini berlaku kerana murid kurang membaca dan terhadnya pengetahuan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan ketiga ialah pembahagian perenggan. Ada murid meletakkan beberapa isi dalam satu perenggan. Ini menyebabkan sesuatu isi tidak dapat dihurai secara mendalam. Malah ada murid menulis hanya satu perenggan untuk satu karangan!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan keempat ialah tidak merangka karangan. Ada murid yang terus menulis tanpa mencari isi terlebih dahulu. Murid yang tidak merangka bererti murid tersebut tidak menyusun isi. Ini menyebabkan karangan tidak kemas dan bercelaru. Ia juga menyebabkan susunan isi tidak berturutan. Terdapat juga isi yang sama diulang. Malah ada murid yang menulis sambil mengharapkan isi datang kemudian ( terlintas di fikiran ).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan kelima ialah kesalahan tatabahasa. Murid perlu tahu , penguasaan bahasa terkini amat penting bagi memastikan karangan mendapat ‘A’. Pada tahap Tahun 6 , sepatutnya masalah kesalahan ejaan tidak lagi timbul. Masih ada murid yang tidak dapat membezakan antara "pada" dengan "di", "dari" dengan "daripada", "bila" dengan "apabila" dan pelbagai lagi. Ramai yang tidak menggunakan imbuhan dengan betul. Lebih malang lagi murid tidak menggunakan imbuhan langsung untuk karangannya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan keenam ialah kesuntukan masa. Masa membina karangan sangat terhad. Pengurusan masa memainkan peranan penting. Murid yang tidak peka akan terburu-buru menyiapkan karangan. Ini menyebabkan tiada masa untuk menyemak kesalahan tatabahasa. Malah nombor soalan pun tidak sempat ditulis. Terdapat kes murid yang cemerlang, hanya menjawab satu soalan sahaja dengan baik dan mendapat markah penuh. Tetapi tidak menjawab satu soalan lagi. Akibatnya beliau hanya mendapat 50 % ( ‘C’ ) sahaja.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesalahan-kesalahan lain ialah seperti tidak mengikut jumlah perkataan yang ditetapkan, tidak dapat mengenal pasti format yang diperlukan dan Masih ada yang menggunakan bahasa dialek daerah ( bahasa kampung / bahasa Kelantan ).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Cara berkesan menghasilkan karangan yang baik</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sebelum membuat sesuatu karangan, murid hendaklah memilih dan memahami tajuk atau kehendak soalan karangan itu. Selepas itu murid fikirkanlah pula tentang Pengenalan, isi-isi dan penutup.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Setiap karangan mestilah mempunyai pembukaan atau pengenalan. Dalam pengenalan murid hendaklah memperkenalkan sesuatu perkara atau tajuk yang mungkin pembaca tidak tahu atau faham. Murid hendaklah menarik perhatiannya supaya ingin membaca karangan itu. Pengenalan ini dibuat secara ringkas dan am sahaja, memadai tiga atau empat ayat. Pembukaan karangan yang menarik akan meninggalkan kesan yang positif dan mendalam pada pemeriksa. Oleh itu pastikanlah terlebih dahulu pembukaan karangan hendaklah bersih daripada kesalahan tatabahasa atau ejaan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Isi hendaklah mengikut kehendak tajuk karangan itu. Karangan perlu mempunyai empat isi. Isi yang lebih tidak mengapa tetapi mungkin menyebabkan kekurangan masa. Isi hendaklah disusun dengan teratur dan berkait di antara satu dengan lain. Isi-isi itu dipecahkan dalam perenggan-perenggan. Isi yang utama didahulukan. Sebaik-baiknya satu isi, satu perenggan kecuali jika isi pendek-pendek dan berkait rapat. Tiap-tiap perenggan tidak semesti sama panjangnya. Mungkin sesuatu perenggan itu lebih panjang daripada perenggan yang lain. Ini kerana sesuatu isi utama yang ingin ditekankan oleh murid-murid biasanya lebih panjang daripada perenggan yang lain. Jaga isinya supaya tidak terkeluar dari tajuk yang dikehendaki. Elakkan menyertakan isi yang bercanggah dengan tajuk. Isi karangan hendaklah asli tidak ditiru bulat-bulat dari karangan lain. Untuk mendapat isi yang baik dan banyak, murid hendaklah banyak membaca surat khabar, majalah-majalah, makalah-makalah, rencana-rencana, buku-buku cerita, mendengar sesuatu, menyaksikan sendiri dan dari pengalaman sendiri. Jangan campur adukkan isi. Elakkan daripada menulis sesuatu isi dalam perenggan yang sama. Catatkan setiap isi sebelum menulis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kalau pengenalan dapat mempengaruhi atau menarik minat pembaca untuk mengikuti karangan tersebut maka penutupnya juga hendaklah memberi suatu kepuasan kepada pembaca. Penutuplah yang menjadi kesimpulan / rumusan atau akhiran sesuatu karangan. Dalam penutup digambarkan juga pendapat murid dengan ringkas tentang sesuatu perbincangan atau tajuk. Elakkan menamatkan karangan secara mengejut atau tergantung. Oleh itu penutup juga adalah penting dalam tiap-tiap karangan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah pandang sebut (proses kaedah)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">KAEDAH PANDANG DAN SEBUT</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah pandang dan sebut datang dalam keadaan ramai kanak-kanak tidak boleh membaca dengan menggunakan kaedah abjad. Berpadanan dengan namanya, kaedah ini meminta kanak-kanak menghafal pola-pola sukukata yang ada dalam bahasa Malaysia. Uniknya bahasa Malaysia adalah kerana pola-pola suku katanya jelas dan pola-pola sukukata yang ada dalam bahasa malaysia ada lebih daripada 1000 pola-pola untuk dihafal. Mengikut kajian, jumlah 2000 ke 3000 adalah satu jumlah yang masih boleh diterima hafal oleh anak kecil kita.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Sama dengan kaedah mengeja, kaedah pandang dan sebut juga tidak termasuk antara kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengajar kanak-kanak membaca bahasa Inggeris. Sebabnya bahasa Inggeris tidak mempunyai sukukata yang jelas. Kaedah pandang dan sebut tidak memerlukan kanak-kanak untuk mengeja atau membatangkan ejaan. Kanak-kanak hanya perlu mengecam dan menghafal tulisan dan gabungan bunyi dua, tiga atau empat huruf lalu menyebut terus contohnya:-</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• ba bi bu be bo (untuk 2 huruf )</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• ban bin bun ben bon (untuk 3 huruf)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• bang bing bung beng bong (untuk 4 huruf)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kaedah ini adalah lebih mudah untuk mengajar kanak-kanak menggunakan kad-kad imbasan seperti cara yang diperkenalkan oleh Glen Doman. Pola-pola sukukata ditulis di atas kad-kad imbasan dan diimbaskan kepada kanak-kanak. Setiap perkataan ditulis di atas kad-kad manila yang dipotong kecil dan diimbaskan kepada kanak-kanak dengan cepat. Rasionalnya,kanak-kanak dikatakan mempunyai ingatan foto "photographic memory" . Sebab itulah, ia hanya perlu diimbas dan setiap perkataan yang diimbaskan akan disimpan di dalam ingatan dan dikeluarkan bila masanya tiba.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Langkah pengajaran</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Murid diajar menyebut ‘seluruh perkataan’ selepas guru menyebutnya dan menulisnya di papan tulis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Perkataan seperti ‘meja’ dan ‘cawan’ kemudian dicerakinkan menjadi suku kata, seperti ‘me ja’ dan ‘ca wan’. Murid membaca suku kata.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Kemudian perkataan ‘meja’ dan ‘cawan’ ini dicerkain lagi menjadi huruf. Seperti ‘m e j a’ ‘c a w a n’.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Murid mengeja dan menUlis huruf dan perkataaan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">• Kaedah seluruh perkataan ini sesuai untuk bahasa yang sistem ejaannya logografik eg. Bahasa Cina dan bahasa Mesir Tua.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kelebihan dan kelemahan kaedah pandang sebut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kajian menunjukkan beberapa kelemahan dalam kaedah ini</span><br />
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<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; padding-right: 2.5em; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kanak-kanak cuba mengcam dan membaca perkataan dengan cara ‘meneka’ dari bentuknya.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kanak-kanak tidak dapat mengguna kemahiran membaca perkataan yang lalu untuk ‘attack’ membaca perkataan baru.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Murid perlu ‘mengecam’ dan ‘menghafal’ banyak perkataan sebelum ia boleh membaca sesuatu cerita.</li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">KELEBIHAN</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Oleh sebab, murid-murid telah menguasai sejumlah kosa kata, maka pengajaran prabacaan hendaklah bermula dengan pengalaman tersebut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pengajaran tidak akan seronok sekiranya tidak menghubungkan dengan pengalaman murid.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Mengecam huruf dan menghafaz bunyi akan berkesan sekiranya murid-murid telah menguasai sejumlah perkataan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Menurut Goodman : Pengalaman pembacaan murid akan lebih bermakna jika yang dibacanya merupakan sesuatu yang telah dikenali atau diketahui mereka.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Membaca secara mekanis dan ciri pelaksanaannya</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pembacaan mekanis adalah proses yang dapat membantu peningkatan pencapaian akademik murid-murid. Aktiviti membaca secara nyaring kepada murid secara terkawal akan meningkatkan minat murid dalam kadar masa yang segera teruamanya dalam bidang sastera. Guru haruslah prihatin terhadap pembacaan murid dengan cara memerhati wajah mereka sambil mengawal keadaan. Guru juga seharusnya pandai memilih bahan bacaan yang menarik supaya dapat menghadapi masalah untuk mengawal disiplin murid. Membaca kepada murid dengan nyaring merupakan aktiviti yang penting bagi semua peringkat murid bermula dari peringkat pra-sekolah hinggalah ke peringkat universiti. Aktiviti membaca secara nyaring dapat meningkatkan suasana yang menarik di dalam bilik darjah bagi tujuan pembelajaran murid di sekolah.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Selain itu, bagi menambahkan minat murid untuk membaca, guru perlulah menyediakan persekitaran yang selesa dan dapat menggalakkan pembelajaran murid. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan menyediakan sudut bacaan di dalam kelas dengan pelbagai jenis buku yang menarik. Lebih banyak buku yang disediakan, lebih banyak peluang kepada murid dalam membuat pilihan mengikut minat dan kegemaran mereka. Kajian yang pernah dibuat oleh pihak University Of Southern California menunjukkan murid yang kurang bahan bacaan di dalam kelas mereka memperolehi skor yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan murid yang memiliki bahan bacaan yang agak banyak di sudut kelas mereka.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Langkah seterusnya, guru melakukan bacaan nyaring untuk pemahaman. Ketika membuat bacaan nyaring, kemudian berhenti di tempat-tempat tertentu untuk berbincang mengenai sesuatu yang terdapat dalam bahan bacaan itu sebenanya secara tidak langsung mengajar murid-murid cara-cara membaca dengan betul dan cara-cara untuk memahami maklumat yang terdapat dalambahan bacaan itu. Contohnya, guru ingin membincangkan sesuatu mengenai gambar hiasan yang terdapat pada muka surat tertentu atau ingin menjelaskan makna perkataan tertentu, bertanya tentang sesuatu kepada murid, berbincang tentang sesuatu peryataan dan sebagainya. Selain daripada itu, terdapat tiga contoh strategi yang dapat dilaksanakan dalam pengajaran pemahaman membaca.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pertama iaitu berfikir tentang cerita yang dibaca. Guru berhenti membaca lalu meminta murid berfikir tentang sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan cerita tersebut seperti kemungkinan kesudahan cerita tersebut. Kedua ialah dengan membuat peta minda. Sambil membaca guru dan murid membuat peta minda seperti perwatakan watak-watak penting yang terdapat dalam bahan bacaan yang dibaca. Sumber maklumat ditambah satu demi satu sepanjang bacaan yang dibuat. Ketiga ialah dengan membuat nota ringkas. Nota rigkas ini digunakan untuk membuat ulangkaji sebelum membuat bacaan pada bab seterusnya. Antara aspek yang dapat dicatatkan termasukah unsur konfik atau masalah yang terdapat dalam cerita atau bacaan tersebut, maklumat mengenai watak-watak, peristiwa penting, nilai,pengajaran, tema, persoalan, gaya bahasa dan sebagainya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Langkah seterusnya dengan penglibatan perpustakaan. Pertama, membantu pihak sekolah mempromosi kempen membaca serta menjadi penyelaras dalam apa-apa program membaca yang diadakan di sekolah dan menyediakan bahan bacaan yang mencukupi termasuklah bahan bacaan bagi murid-murid inklusif bermasalah penglihatan serta membuat promosi untuk menambah ahli di perpustakaan. Kedua, dengan menyediakan bahan-bahan yang mencukupi terutamanya bahan dalam bentuk komputer dan perisian yang sesuai. Ketiga, menganjurkan program atau aktiviti untuk membantu ibu bapa yang tidak mempunyai kemahiran membaca, terutamanya bagi sekolah-sekolah di luar bandar dan mendapatkan bantuan daripada pihak luar untuk membantu dalam menjayakan program tersebut. Keempat, memberikan pengiktirafan atau hadiah kepada murid-murid yang menunjukkan kecenderungan dan minat untuk membaca bahan-bahan yang terdapat di perpustakaan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Pihak media juga dapat membantu dengan memberikan ruang iklan secara percuma bagi apa-apa iklan yang berkaitan dengan program membaca. Secara umumnya, kanak-kanak perlu memiliki kemahiran membaca dan menulis selewat-lewatnya ketika mereka berada di tahun tiga sekolah rendah. Pihak pengurusan sekolah perlu sedar bahawa usaha yang mencabar ini tidak mungkin dapat dilaksanakan dengan mudah tanpa sokongan daripada masyarakat luar sekolah.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Kesimpulan, sekiranya guru kerap membuat bacaan secara nyaring untuk murid-murid maka akan timbul kesedaran dalam diri murid-murid bahawa membaca itu merupakan sesuatu yang menyeronokkan. Mereka juga sedar bahawa gambar hiasan yang terdapat dalam bahan bacaan itu merupakan sesuatu yang berkait rapat dengan maklumat yang hendak disampaikan. Mereka juga memahami bahawa buku dibaca dari kiri ke kanan dan apa yang dicetak pada buku itu melambangkan perkataan serta setiap cerita itu terdapat permulaan dan pegakhiran. Dengan mendengar bacaan guru dan mengemukakan soalan, daya pemahaman dan perbendaharaan kata mereka akan meningkat. Begitulah pentingnya membaca bahan bacaan secara mekanis itu penting kepada murid</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Perlaksanaan membaca secara mentalis.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Aplikasi dalam kelas bacaan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Guru yang mengaplikasikan teori ini dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran akan melakukan perancangan dengan membuat pemeringkatan kemahiran. Ini bermakna, murid akan memperoleh sesuatu kemahiran itu secara berperingkat-peringkat sesuai dengan kemahiran dan penguasaan mereka. Kemahiran membaca akan dimulakan dengan kemahiran paling asas iaitu mengenal suku kata, dan seterusnya kemahiran itu dipertingkatkan kesukarannya sehinggalah murid berkenaan dapat membaca sebuah ayat yang lengkap. Sebagai contoh, dalam pelaksanaan pengajaran ini, guru menetapkan 10 kriteria yang perlu dikuasai oleh murid sebagai bukti mereka telah menguasai kemahiran membaca yang telah ditetapkan. Pada pembelajaran pertama, guru mungkin menetapkan dua kriteria yang perlu dicapai, kemudian dua lagi pada pembelajaran akan datang dan begitulah seterusnya sehingga semua murid berjaya mencapai kriteria tersebut.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Teori Pembelajaran Mentalis (Pelopor – Noam Chomsky)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Teori ini menekankan fungsi mental seseorang manusia itu. Menurut Chomsky, kanak-kanak akan mengalami beberapa peringkat perkembangan dalam pemikiran iaitu bermula dari peringkat terendah deria motor, kemudian kepada pra-operasi, operasi konkrit dan operasi formal. Sebagai contoh, dalam pembelajaran bahasa, kanak-kanak akan menguasai kemahiran memahami terlebih dahulu sebelum mereka belajar bertutur.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1.Kebaikan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1.1 Menekankan kepada proses perkembangan pemikiran kanak-kanak. Oleh itu pembelajaran bahasa akan diajar secara berperingkat-peringkat mengikut kematangan murid berkenaan. Dengan itu proses pembelajaran berlaku secara sistematik dan guru dapat mengawal kadar kemajuan pembelajaran murid secara berperingkat-peringkat.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1.2 Menekankan kepada pembelajaran mengikut kadar kendiri, di mana murid berpeluang belajar sesuatu pengetahuan atau kemahiran berdasarkan minat, kebolehan dan tahap kognitif mereka sendiri.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">1.3 Menekankan kaedah pengajaran berpusatkan pelajar. Pengajaran berpusatkan pelajar bermaksud pelajar terlibat secara aktif dalam aktiviti pembelajaran dan penggunaan bahan-bahan pembelajaran berbanding guru. Oleh itu ia amat sesuai digunakan untuk mengajar kemahiran berbahasa.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2. Kelemahan</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">2.1 Teori ini mementingkan kemahiran tulisan, yang kemudiannya diikuti dengan kemahiran bacaan. Manakala kemahiran lisan pula kurang diberikan perhatian. Ini akan menyebabkan sesetengah murid hanya mahir menggunakan bahasa dalam tulisan dan bacaan, tetapi lemah dalam lisan (mendengar dan bertutur)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">SUMBER: </span><a href="http://notapismp.blogspot.com/2011/03/nota-padat-bahasa-melayu-persediaan-uak.html">http://notapismp.blogspot.com/2011/03/nota-padat-bahasa-melayu-persediaan-uak.html</a>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-79368327500486404852011-08-15T10:29:00.000-07:002011-08-15T10:29:15.633-07:00PEMBENTANGAN TEORI PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA<a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/FeMF782d/TEORI_PEMEROLEHAN_BAHASA.html?">DOWNLOAD</a>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-11200236263834741322011-08-15T09:34:00.000-07:002011-08-15T09:34:52.923-07:00KOMPONEN PENGAJARAN: Komponen Papan Tulis, Pengelolaan Bilik Darjah, Penutupan dan Membuat Kesimpulan<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">BMM 3117 : KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tutorial 2 : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">KOMPONEN PENGAJARAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Komponen papan tulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengelolaan bilik darjah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penutupan dan membuat kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">PENGENALAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Komponen Papan Tulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan tulis adalah papan pengajaran yang digunakan secara langsung oleh guru untuk menyampaikan pengajaran kepada murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Biasanya papan tulis terdapat dalam setiap bilik darjah secara kekal atau mudah alih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Tulis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Putih</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Magnetik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flip</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Pameran Papan Kenyataan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flanel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Gulung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Slip<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Tulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Para guru telah mengiktiraf papan tulis sebagai alat bantu mengajar di dalam bilik darjah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan tulis juga di kenali sebagai papan kapur, papan hitam, papan hijau serta digunakan sejak lama dahulu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penggunaannya mudah kerana ia sentiasa berada dalam bilik dajah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penggunaannya tidak memerlukan bakat atau peralatan istimewa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Perubahan atau tambahan isi boleh dilakukan dengan cepat dan mudah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah alih serta senang digunakan untuk pelbagai tujuan sampingan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -86.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Putih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Putih adalah satu inovasi baru dalam teknologi papan tulis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Permukaan sekeping papan dilapik dengan satu lapisan enamel putih yang menjadi permukaan untuk ditulis dengan menggunakan pena berisi dakwat khas yang mudah dipadamkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tidak ada habuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah alih serta boleh di buat dalam pelbagai saiz.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah dicuci dengan menggunakan pemadam berkain <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lembut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Magnetik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 65.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -8.75pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Magnetik diperbuat daripada logam. Keping-keping magnet kecil akan melekat di atas permukaan tersebut untuk melekatkan kertas atau kad visual di atas papan tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 65.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -8.75pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo39; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Magnet dapat melekat bahan visual yang digunakan dengan baik dan mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo39; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kesan tarikan magnet tidak dipengaruhi oleh perubahan cuaca seperti angin dan hujan. Oleh yang demikian papan magnet boleh digunakan dalam banyak keadaan, tempat dan masa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo39; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Boleh digunakan untuk menunjukkan kesan-kesan perubahan atau pergerakan dengan mudah dan cepat, seperti mengalih visual ke tempat baru atau dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menindihkan visual-visual itu dengan mudah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -93.8pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flip<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flip boleh diperbuat daripada papan lapis dengan ukuran sederhana dan ianya perlu dibuat kaki untuk ianya berdiri secara sedikit condong kebelakang. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan flip boleh dialihkan ke pelbagai sudut sama ada untuk pembelajaran dan pameran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Boleh mempamerkan pelbagai poster atau visual yang telah dijilid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flip ini berbentuk mudah alih dan sangat sesuai untuk belajar berkumpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Dapat menunjukan carta jenis bersiri dengan mudah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 166.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -93.8pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Pameran Papan Kenyataan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Pameran atau Papan Kenyataan secara umumnya diperbuat daripada papan lapis atau papan lembut untuk menampal maklumat-maklumat serta untuk mempamerkan hasil kerja murid seperti lukisan karangan dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan kenyataan boleh dibuat secara melekat terus pada bahagian dinding atau dibuat secara mudah alih serta berkaki.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sangat mudah untuk menyebarkan maklumat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Senang ditampal maklumat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tidak memakan ruang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sangat mudah untuk menggantikan maklumat baru.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -93.8pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Flanel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan flannel merupakan satu bentuk papan pengajaran yang agak popular di kalangan guru-guru sekolah rendah. Pada dasarnya, papan ini diperbuat daripada satu permukaan kain flannel, iaitu sebarang kain yang mempunyai permukaan berbulu kasar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Permukaan berbulu ini mempunyai satu keistimewaan, iaitu dua keping kain flannel boleh bercantum apabila dilekapkan, sifat istimewa ini dipergunakan untuk papan flannel. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kad-kad visual disediakan, dan secebis kain flannel ataupun kepingan bahan-bahan lain yang berbulu kasar digamkan pada bahagian belakang kad-kad tadi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sekarang kad-kad visual itu bolehlah dilekapkan ke atas permukaan papan flannel dengan mudah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Cerita atau tema dapat dipersembahkan sedikit demi sedikit.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sesuai untuk berbagai-bagai jenis tajuk dan subjek.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah disediakan, serta banyak jenis bahan boleh digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Perubahan atau perkembangan tajuk boleh dilakukan dengan serta merta melalui kaedah tindan tindih visual ataupun perubahan kedudukan visual tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Menggalakkan penglibatan murid sepenuhnya dalam tajuk yang disampaikan seperti aktiviti mencantum ayat, memadankan gambar, sesi bercerita dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Senang disimpan, dibawa atau digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Gulung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan gulung adalah papan tulis yang dapat digulungkan untuk dibawa atau disimpan dan papan tersebut boleh dibentangkan semasa digunakan dalam bilik darjah. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan gulung boleh diperbuat daripada kepingan getah atau kertas rexine atau kain kanvas supaya papan ini boleh digulung.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan gulung mempunyai satu keistimewaan, iaitu bahan-bahan pengajaran guru boleh disediakan dengan terperinci terlebih dahulu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Apabila sampai masanya guru hanya mempamerkan bahan-bahan tersebut kepada murid. Ini sangat berfaedah terutama kepada guru atau calon guru yang kurang mahir dalam bidang atau prinsip-prinsip tertentu, atau bahan tersebut memerlukan masa yang lama untuk disediakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah dibuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mudah dibawa, digunakan atau disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bahan-bahan pengajaran yang sukar boleh disediakan terlebih awal dengan baik dan sempurna.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sesuai untuk semua matapelajaran dan boleh digunakan di dalam atau diluar bilik darjah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan Slip<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Papan pengajaran jenis ini mempunyai kocek-kocek di mana kad visual atau kad huruf boleh diselitkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kocek-kocek itu mungkin diperbuat daripada jalur-jalur plastik jernih atau bahan-bahan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan papan selit hampir-hampir sama dengan papan flannel.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kelebihan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Boleh dibuat sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Senang dibawa serta dapat digunakan di dalam atau di luar bilik darjah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Visualnya senang, cepat serta mudah dibuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Menggalakkan penglibatan murid dalam kelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengelolaan Bilik Darjah <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengenalan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengelolaan bilik darjah merupakan satu proses yang melibatkan pengurusan fizikal sesebuah bilik darjah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik darjah pula merupakan tempat proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlaku dan melibatkan guru dan murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengurusan bilik darjah pula merujuk kepada set tingkah laku guru yang meliputi pelbagai aspek di mana guru akan membentuk dan mengekalkan kondisi pembelajaran seperti diharapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">JENIS-JENIS BILIK DARJAH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Tradisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah KBSR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah KBSM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Prasekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Tradisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik darjah tradisi di negara kita telah lama digunakan untuk mendidik kanak-kanak di bawah program <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">‘Kurikulum Lama Sekolah Rendah’</span></u> dan <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">‘Kurikulum Lama Sekolah Menengah’</span></u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span>diperkenalkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kaedah ini sesuai apabila seorang guru menyampaikan pengajaran dengan penggunaan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">‘<u>Kaedah Keseluruhan Kelas</u>’.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Di dalam bilik darjah jenis ini biasanya pelajar duduk mengikut susunan kerusi dan meja sebaris demi sebaris. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru lazimnya berdiri di hadapan bilik darjah dan meyampaikan pengajaran menggunakan kaedah dan strategi tertentu. Terdapat juga kerusi dan meja guru serta papan hitam yang digantung dihadapan kelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri bilik darjah tradisi:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1) Kerusi dan meja disusun mengikut baris demi baris.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">2) Pelajar yang rendah, bertubuh kecil dan kurang penglihatan dan pendengaran ditempatkan di hadapan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">3) Kerusi dan meja pelajar disusun sesuai dengan kaedah pengajaran yang lebih berpusat pada guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">4) Cara pengajaran keseluruhan kelas merupakan kaedah mengajar utama di dalam bilik darjah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">5) Jarang mempraktikkan aktiviti berkumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">6) Pelajar berada dalam keadaan pasif dan menerima apa sahaja yang disampaikan oleh guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah KBSR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik darjah KBSR telah diperkenalkan di Negara kita pada tahun 1982</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Program KBSR menekankan aktiviti pembelajaran murid secara kumpulan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Interaksi antara guru dengan murid serta interaksi murid dengan murid diperkenalkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri bilik darjah KBSR:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kerusi-meja disusun mengikut kumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Murid-murid dibahagikan kepada beberapa <br />
kumpulan mengikut kebolehan masing-masing.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penglibatan murid-murid dalam aktiviti P&P<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
digalakkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Suasana pembelajaran yang kondusif dapat <br />
diperhatikan melalui pameran hasil kerja <br />
murid serta ABM mengajar yang berkaitan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruang-ruang pembelajaran disediakan untuk <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memudahkan murid-murid menjalankan aktiviti pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aktiviti murid berada dalam keadaan aktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilik Darjah KBSM:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah KBSM mula diperkenalkan pada tahun 1988.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Dari segi bentuk dan kemudahan,di dalam bilik darjah KBSM disediakan ruang pembelajaran untuk memudahkan pelajar menjalankan aktiviti pembelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri bilik darjah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1) Kerusi dan meja pelajar disusun mengikut kumpulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">2) Pelajar dibahagikan mengikut kumpulan tertentu berdasarkan kobolehan tersendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">3) Menggalakkan pengelibatan pelajar secara aktif. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">4) Menggunakan kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilik Darjah Terbuka:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Terbuka</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> lahir daripada konsep ‘<u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pendidikan Terbuka’</span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">R.S. Barth (1976)</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> dalam buku berjudul <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘Open Education and The American School</span></u>’ menghuraikan konsep Pendidikan Terbuka sebagai suatu pendekatan pendidikan yang sedia terbuka kepada:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i. Bidang Kurikulum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii. Pendekatan Pengajaran & Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii. Ruang-Ruang Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv. Bahan-Bahan Pelajaran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v. Murid-murid akan memilih bahan pelajaran yang mereka <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hendak belajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Murid-murid akan menentukan dan merancang aktiviti P&P sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengajaran guru dikurangkan pada peringkat yang minimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru cuma akan menjadi penasihat dengan membimbing dan melaksanakan aktiviti pembelajaran secara kumpulan atau secara individu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Biasanya pendekatan <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘Pengajaran Berpasukan</span></u>’ yang melibatkan beberapa orang guru terlatih dalam pelbagai bidang pelajaran untuk membimbing murid-murid dalam <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘Bilik Darjah Terbuka’</span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Situasi P&P adalah berbentuk Informal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ruang dan rekabentuk bilik darjah diubahsuai untuk membolehkan murid-murid bergerak dengan bebas dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, memilih bahan-bahan pelajaran yang diminati serta menjalankan aktiviti P&P selepas berbincang dengan guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri bilik darjah terbuka :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1. Aktiviti P&P biasanya dijalankan secara kumpulan atau individu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">2. Berbagai-bagai aktiviti P&P dilakukan dalam bilik darjah secara serentak.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">3. Murid-murid dapat mengikuti berbagai-bagai aktiviti P&P mengikut jadual<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>waktu pelajaran sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Persekitaran bilik darjah terbuka dilengkapkan dengan alat-alat dan bahan pelajaran untuk memudahkan murid menggunakannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik Darjah Prasekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan Prasekolah merupakan asas pendidikan bagi kanak-kanak berumur 4-6 tahun sebelum mereka memulakan alam persekolahan secara formal di Sekolah Rendah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan Prasekolah penting untuk menyuburkan perkembangan kanak-kanak dari segi JERIS melalui aktiviti Pembelajaran dan Permainan dengan menggunakan deria penglihatan, pendengaran, rasa, hidu dan sentuh mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Dalam bilik darjah Prasekolah, kerusi-meja disusun mengikut bilik dajah KBSR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aktiviti berbentuk permainan menjadi aktiviti pembelajaran utama untuk kanak-kanak <u>Prasekolah</u>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sebuah bilik darjah <u>Prasekolah</u> yang lengkap mempunyai:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">i. Sudut Bacaan (Bahasa)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ii. Sudut permainan Matematik dan Teka-Teki </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">iii. Sudut Manipulatif </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">iv. Sudut Sains </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">v. Sudut Muzik </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">vi. Sudut Lukisan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">vii. Sudut Agama (Kanak-kanak Islam)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Cirri-ciri bilik darjah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilik darjah dikhaskan untuk kanak-kanak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
dalam lingkungan umur 4-6 tahun.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ia merupakan tempat melatih kanak-kanak <br />
secara informal dan melalui aktiviti <br />
permainan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Meja-kerusi disusun mengikut kumpulan <br />
seperti bilik darjah KBSR Tahap Satu. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Dinding sekeliling bilik darjah Prasekolah <br />
dihiasi pelbagai carta dan kad gambar yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
berwarna-warni. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sesebuah bilik darjah Prasekolah moden pula dilengkapi dengan ruang membaca, peralatan permainan bercorak pendidikan asas, komputer, televisyen, dll.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan Jasmani melalui aktiviti permainan di padang permainan kanak-kanak berdekatan bilik darjah prasekolah adalah diutamakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bilangan murid Prasekolah biasanya tidak melebihi 25 orang.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI PENGELOLAAN BILIK DARJAH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">1. FAKTOR FIZIKAL <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Faktor-faktor fizikal merangkumi segala bentuk kemudahan dan peralatan yang terdapat di sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kemudahan dan peralatan sekolah merujuk kepada bangunan sekolah, kemudahan-kemudahan di kawasannya, meja dan kerusi, alatan serta perabot di dalam bilik darjah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mengikut kajian pakar-pakar penyelidikan, suasana fizikal sekolah yang kondusif menjadi faktor yang penting untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran di dalam sekolah. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Faktor fizikal sekolah merangkumi suasana fizikal di dalam bilik darjah dan kawasan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Selain itu susunan meja dan kerusi bilik darjah juga memberi kemudahan kepada murid-murid mengadakan aktiviti pembelajaran berpusatkan murid dan aktiviti berkumpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Murid-murid mudah berinteraksi sesama mereka dan mudah berinteraksi dengan guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">2. FAKTOR KEMANUSIAAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Suasana sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Suasana sosial merujuk kepada perhubungan dan corak interaksi antara murid dengan murid, khasnya di dalam bilik darjah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Murid-murid di dalam sesebuah bilik darjah mempunyai mempunyai latar belakang dan sifat-sifat yang berbeza-beza.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Murid yang mempunyai sifat yang pendiam dan pemalu tidak suka bergaul dengan murid yang lain. Mereka biasanya berkawan dengan murid yang mempunyai status sosial yang setaraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Dari segi pendidikan, perhubungan dan corak interaksi murid dalam sesebuah kelas memang mempengaruhi keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran terutamanya semasa aktiviti kumpulan dijalankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Justeru itu, guru seharusnya memainkan peranan yang penting dalam memahami tingkah laku dan budaya murid agar keberkesanan pengajaran dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran dapat ditingkatkan.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -41.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Suasana emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Suasana emosi merujuk kepada perasaan murid-murid terhadap guru mereka. Guru banyak mempengaruhi tingkahlaku dan corak pembelajaran muridnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru perlu menunjukkan teladan sebagai seorang professional, membentuk program-program yang bertujuan membangunkan murid, dengan peraturan dan arahan yang jelas, bagi mengurang segala tingkahlaku negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Budaya bilik darjah yang dinamis, mementingkan aspek nilai-nilai murni, hubungan yang mesra diantara murid, dan murid dengan guru, budaya belajar yang ceria, menyeronokkan yang menyentuh emosi serta sifat guru yang peramah dan demokratik akan menimbulkan suasana emosi kegembiraan dalam bilik darjah.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">3. FAKTOR TEKNIKAL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Merujuk kepada teknik-teknik yang digunakan untuk merangsang semangat dan kesediaan untuk belajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Faktor ini merangkumi aspek kemahiran guru, kecekapan penggunaan alat bantu mengajar serta aktiviti-aktiviti yang boleh yang boleh merangsangkan aktiviti pembelajaran seperti pertandingan nyanyian, mewarna, bercerita dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru yang mempunyai kemahiran mengajar, serta kebolehan menggunakan pelbagai alat bantu mengajar penting bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran di dalam bilik darjah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo32; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aktiviti-aktiviti seperti projek dan pertandingan berunsur akademik pula dapat merangsang semangat belajar murid kerana dengan adanya aktiviti-aktiviti ini murid-murid akan berusaha dengan lebih giat lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">PENUTUPAN DAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN/PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru boleh menutup pengajarannya dengan membuat kesimpulan terhadap pelajaran yang diajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pengajaran guru tidak seharusnya berhenti secara tiba-tiba terutamanya ketika pelajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hendak keluar semasa waktu rehat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru hendaklah merancang pegajarannya supaya dapat ditutup dengan baik dan berkesan. Minda pelajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hendaklah difokuskan kepada perkara yang telah dipelajari terutamanya melalui kesimpulan, penilaian, atau aktiviti susulan (tugasan).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kebiasaannya guru akan menutup pengajarannya dengan membuat kesimpulan atau rumusan pelajaran. Melalui kesimpulan pelajar dapat membentuk konsep serta dapat melihat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perkaitan antara fakta yang dipelajari. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Selain itu, pelajar akan berasa yag mereka telah mempelajari sesuatu dan faham apa yang dipelajari. Kesimpulan juga adalah sebagai peneguh kepada pelajaran bagi memudahkan pelajar mengingati apa yang telah dipelajari. Guru bpleh membantu pelajar membuat kesimpulan sendiri melalui soalan-soalan yang dikemukakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penilaian <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penilaian pada bahagian penutup bukanlah seperti penilaian yang dibuat semasa pengajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penilaian disini adalah ringkas yang pada kebiasaannya dibuat secara lisan untuk mengetahui samaada pelajar memahami apa yang telah merekaa pelajari. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Penilaian juga secara tidak langsung membantu pelajar membuat kesimpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aktiviti susulan atau tugasan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aktiviti susulan biasanya diberi oleh guru pada akhir bahagian penutup iaitu kerja tambahan yang guru berikan kepada pelajar dalam bentuk kerja rumah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tujuannya adalah untuk mengukuhkan aspek-aspek pembelajaran yang telah disampaikan supaya sesuai dengan fungsinya sebagai satu bentuk aktiviti pengayaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Guru perlu memberi perhatian supaya aktiviti susulan yang diberi itu tidak membebankan pelajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sekiranya guru yang mengajar setiap pelajaran yang diikuti pada hari tersebut memberikan tugasan dan perlu disiapkan dalam jangka masa yang singkat, maka sudah pasti pelajar akan tertekan dan bosan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Hal ini akan menghilangkan minat pelajar terhadap pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-84970876091434111812011-08-15T09:28:00.000-07:002011-08-15T09:44:17.409-07:00PELAKSANAAN AKTIVITI PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SECARA KONSTRUKTIVISME, KONTEKSTUAL & MASTERI<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1.PELAKSANAAN AKTIVITI PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SECARA KONSTRUKTIVISME<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PENGENALAN<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Konstruktivisme merupakan proses pembelajaran yang menerangkan bagaimana pengetahuan disusun dalam minda manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengikut kefahaman konstruktivisme, ilmu pengetahuan sekolah tidak boleh dipindahkan daripada guru kepada murid dalam bentuk yang serba sempurna. Murid perlu membina sesuatu pengetahuan mengikut pengalaman masing-masing. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran adalah hasil daripada usaha murid itu sendiri. Blok binaan asas bagi ilmu pengetahuan di sekolah ialah satu skema iaitu aktiviti mental yang digunakan oleh murid sebagai bahan mentah bagi proses renungan dan pengabstrakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Fikiran murid tidak akan menghadapi realiti yang wujud secara terasing dalam persekitaran. Realiti yang diketahui murid adalah realiti yang dia bina sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid sebenarnya telah mempunyai satu set idea dan pengalaman yang membentuk struktur kognitif terhadap persekitaran mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Untuk membantu murid membina konsep atau pengetahuan baru, guru harus mengambil kira struktur kognitif yang sedia ada pada mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Apabila maklumat baru telah disesuaikan dan diserap untuk dijadikan sebahagian daripada pegangan kuat mereka, barulah kerangka baru tentang sesuatu bentuk ilmu pengetahuan dapat dibina. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Proses ini dinamakan konstruktivisme. Beberapa ahli konstruktivisme yang terkemuka berpendapat bahawa pembelajaran yang bermakna itu bermula dengan pengetahuan atau pengalaman sedia ada murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Seorang guru perlu melaksanakan pengajaran supaya murid dapat membina atau membentuk idea baru dan bukan menerima idea tersebut dan murid menjana secara aktif makna daripada setiap satu pengalaman yang dilalui dalam proses pembelajaran. Murid perlu asimilasikan idea baru atau menyesuaikan (<i>accommodate) </i>idea yang sedia ada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PRINSIP KONSTRUKTIVISME<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran konstruktivisme dalam pendidikan dapat melahirkan murid yang boleh membina pemahaman dan pengetahuan baru mereka sendiri berdasarkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman sedia ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran ini menjadikan murid lebih faham, yakin, dan lebih seronok untuk terus belajar sepanjang hayat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid cuba memperoleh pemahaman mengenai pengalaman baru & fenomena dengan cara membentuk atau membina makna mengenai perkara tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam konstruktivisme, pembelajaran dilihat sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengubahan idea, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembinaan & penerimaan idea baru, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penstrukturan semula idea sedia ada </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pandangan konstruktivisme<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid membina atau membentuk idea baru dan bukan menerima idea tersebut dan murid menjana secara aktif makna daripada setiap satu pengalaman yang dilalui. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Amalan pengajaran konstruktivisme<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penggunaan data mentah & sumber primer, berserta bahan manipulatif, interaktif & fizikal membolehkan murid-murid memperoleh peluang serta membina pengalaman & kemahiran dalam membentuk pengetahuan baru atau menstruktur semula konsep alternatif mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tugasan pembelajaran yang melibatkan kemahiran kognitif seperti mengelas & meramal akan meningkatkan kemahiran berfikir peringkat tinggi, membantu murid membina konstruk sendiri sama ada melalui proses asimilasi konsep baru atau mahupun menyesuaikan konsep sedia ada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengetahuan sedia ada murid membantu mereka mengikuti pembelajaran seterusnya. Pembelajaran seterusnya direka bentuk bersesuaian dengan perkembangan konstruk murid supaya proses pembelajaran tersebut bermakna kepada mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengetahuan diperoleh secara kognitif & interaksi dengan individu dan alam sekeliling. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengetahuan diperoleh daripada kontradiski mental yang terbit daripada interaksi murid dengan alam sekeliling<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid-murid membina idea atau konsep baru berdasarkan pengetahuan yang lalu & sedia ada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid-murid memilih maklumat, membina hipotesis & membuat keputusan melalui proses mengintegrasi & menyusun pengalaman mereka ke dalam struktur mental yang sedia ada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid-murid mempunyai tanggungjawab terakhir ke atas pembelajaran mereka sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2. PELAKSANAAN AKTIVITI PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SECARA KONTEKSTUAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PENGENALAN<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran kontekstual ialah kaedah pembelajaran yang mengaitkan isi pelajaran dengan pengalaman harian individu masyarakat, dan alam pekerjaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran kontekstual disampaikan dalam persekitaran yang pelbagai, secara konkrit yang melibatkan latih amal dan berfikir. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran berlaku apabila murid berupaya </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">menghubungkaitkan pengetahuan baru secara bermakna dan menghayati kerelevanan pembelajaran dengan kehidupan mereka. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengajaran-pembelajaran kontekstual menegaskan konsep pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang membolehkan guru menghubungkan kandungan mata pelajaran dengan situasi sebenar. Ini akan memotivasi murid untuk membuat perkaitan antara pengetahuan dengan kehidupan seharian mereka sebagai ahli keluarga, warga masyarakat dan pekerja. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kaedah kontekstual, iaitu kaedah yang dibentuk berasaskan maksud kontekstual itu sendiri, murid boleh memahami isi dan konsep yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan seharian mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menurut teori pembelajaran kontekstual, pembelajaran hanya berlaku apabila murid memproses maklumat atau pengetahuan baru dengan cara tertentu sehingga mereka memahami maksud dalam kerangka rujukan mereka sendiri (memori, pengalaman dan tindak balas sendiri). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pendekatan pembelajaran dan pengajaran seperti ini mengandaikan minda akan mencari maksud dalam konteksnya secara semula jadi, iaitu berkait dengan persekitaran semasa seseorang itu. Ini berlaku dengan cara pencarian hubungan yang diterima akal dan kelihatan bermakna. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ia menggalakkan pendidik memilih dan/atau membina persekitaran pembelajaran yang menggabungkan seberapa banyak pengalaman sosial, fizikal, psikologikal, ke arah mencapai hasil pembelajaran yang diinginkan. Dengan demikian, murid menemui perhubungan yang bermakna antara idea abstrak dan aplikasi praktikal dalam konteks alam yang nyata. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kaedah ini menyediakan pembelajaran secara konkrit yang melibatkan aktiviti “hands-on” (aktiviti) dan pemikiran, iaitu “minds-on” (Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum, 2001). Modul yang diterbitkan oleh Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum (2001), antara lain menegaskan pembelajaran kontekstual, murid akan melalui satu atau lebih daripada bentuk pembelajaran yang berikut; <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">R : (relating/menghubung kait), iaitu murid belajar dalam konteks menghubungkaitkan pengetahuan baru dengan pengalaman hidup. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">E : (experiencing/mengalami), iaitu murid belajar dalam konteks penerokaan, penemuan dan reka cipta. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A : (applying/mengaplikasikan), iaitu murid belajar dalam konteks bagaimana pengetahuan atau informasi boleh digunakan dalam situasi lain. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">C : (cooperating/bekerjasama), iaitu murid belajar dalam konteks bekerjasama, memberi maklum balas dan berkomunikasi. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">T : (transfering/memindahkan), iaitu murid belajar dalam konteks pengetahuan sedia ada dan menggunakan atau membina daripada apa yang diketahui. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Umumnya, pembelajaran kontekstual membolehkan (kelebihan):<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(i) pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih menarik; </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(ii) meningkatkan minat; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(iii) pembelajaran realistik, praktikal; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(iv) pengalaman konkrit, penglibatan langsung murid; dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(v) menyuburkan pemikiran kreatif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kelemahan pendekatan kontekstual<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(i) tahap kefahaman dan kesediaan guru <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(ii) kekangan masa - persediaan dan mencapai matlamat </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(iii) sukar mendapatkan situasi pembelajaran sebenar bagi item pengajaran dan pembelajaran; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(iv) kawalan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran murid menjadi semakin kompleks; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(v) hanya sesuai dalam kalangan murid-murid yang mempunyai tahap pencapaian tinggi <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3. PELAKSANAAN AKTIVITI PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SECARA MASTERI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 65.45pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PENGENALAN<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran Masteri adalah pendekatan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang berfokus kepada penguasaan murid dalam sesuatu perkara yang dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Melalui pembelajaran Masteri murid diberi peluang untuk maju mengikut kebolehan dan kadar pembelajaran mereka sendiri serta dapat mempertingkatkan tahap penguasaan pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran Masteri merupakan suatu pendekatan pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi memastikan semua murid menguasai hasil pembelajaran yang dihasratkan dalam suatu unit pembelajaran sebelum ke unit pembelajaran seterusnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pendekatan ini memerlukan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang terancang dan berkualiti serta berpandukan tahap penguasaan murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Model Pembelajaran Masteri dimulakan dengan Penentuan Hasil Pembelajaran, dan diikuti dengan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tujuan menentukan hasil pembelajaran murid adalah untuk memastikan semua murid berjaya menguasai pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang diberikan dengan kadar kemampuan biasa seseorang murid di tahap tersebut.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MASTERI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 303px; margin-top: 39px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 1;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 187px; margin-top: 49px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 6;"><br />
</span><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 108px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 5;"></span><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 303px; margin-top: 108px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 4;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kriteria penentuan hasil pembelajaran:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berdasarkan Sukatan Pelajaran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam bentuk tingkah laku yang boleh diukur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Secara eksplisit, jelas dan terperinci <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam domain kognitif, efektif dan psikomotor <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Faktor penentu pengajaran dan pembelajaran:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kemudahan dan keupayaan murid yang berbeza <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kepelbagaian kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kemudahan yang sedia ada <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Masa yang diperuntukkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penilaian terhadap murid:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengesan pencapaian murid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengenalpasti murid yang cerdas, sederhana dan lemah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengesan sama ada hasil pembelajaran telah dikuasai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengenalpasti sebab kelemahan murid dalam satu unit pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menentukan pengayaan dan pemulihan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menentukan keberkesanan kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengadakan tindakan susulan:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengayaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pemulihan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengukuhan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peranan dan Tugas Guru Dalam Pembelajaran Masteri<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peranan guru adalah sebagai pemimpin, pengajar dan fasilitator pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Guru tidak perlu membuat perubahan yang besar dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran masteri kerana lengkah-langkah tersebut di atas sudah disarankan dalam KBSR dan KBSM secara tersirat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tugas guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran masteri ialah:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menentukan hasil pembelajaran untuk dikuasai; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengubahsuaikan kaedah atau aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran untuk pembelajaran masteri; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Melatih pelajar dalam kemahiran belajar dan kemahiran berfikir supaya mereka dapat menjadi pelajar berdikari; <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengenal pasti pelajar yang belum dan sudah menguasai apa yang diajar melalui ujian diagnostik;</span><br />
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menjalankan aktiviti pemulihan dan pengayaan; dan m</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">enilai prestasi pelajar melalui ujian sumatif.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peranan dan Tugas Pelajar dalam Pembelajaran Masteri</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peranan pelajar ialah sebagai seorang pelajar berdikari yang boleh merangsang diri untuk belajar dan menguasai apa yang diajar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam pembelajaran masteri seseorang pelajar harus belajar dan bukan bertanding di antara satu sama lain dan ini dapat dilakukan melalui pembelajaran koperatif dengan rakan-rakan sebaya dalam kumpulan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tugas pelajar dalam pembelajaran masteri ialah dia harus:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - tahu akan hasil pembelajaran untuk dikuasai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - belajar dengan tekun, tabah dan bermotivasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - betul-betul memahami dan menguasai apa yang diajar <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> - memberitahu guru tentang perkara yang belum difahami atau dikuasai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">- membuat kerja pemulihan atau kerja pengayaan yang diberi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pelajar harus diberi latihan dalam kemahiran belajar dan kemahiran berfikir supaya mereka dapat menjadi pelajar berdikari. </span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1- Kaedah Pengajaran Bahasa Melayu Sekolah Rendah </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/58978849/BM3117-Kaedah-Pengajaran-Bahasa-Melayu-Sekolah-Rendah"><b>hthttp://www.scribd.com/doc/58978849/BM3117-Kaedah-Pengajaran-Bahasa-Melayu-Sekolah-Rendah</b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
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</div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-13529211410323754622011-08-15T09:26:00.000-07:002011-08-15T09:26:24.374-07:00Pengaplikasian Pendekatan Pembelajaran Bahasa<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BMM 3117 : <br />
KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TAJUK 7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengaplikasian Pendekatan Pembelajaran Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran Berasaskan Aktiviti<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran Berasaskan Situasional/Senario<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Pembelajaran Berasaskan Permainan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN AKTIVITI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktiviti bermaksud gerak kerja atau tindakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dibawah konteks pendidikan, ia melibatkan segala gerak kerja yang dilakukan oleh guru dan murid untuk mencapai objektif pelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan kata lain, aktiviti mengandungi segala tindakan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktiviti juga suatu pendekatan utama dalam pendidikan moden.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">M.J. Dewey (1910)- pelajaran haruslah berasaskan aktiviti murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui aktiviti murid, JERIS mereka dapat dikembangkan secara menyeluruh dan seimbang. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid-murid akan belajar dengan lebih berkesan melalui cara praktik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di dalam konteks pendidikan moden, terdapat pelbagai aktiviti dan tugasan yang boleh digunakan di sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CONTOH AKTIVITI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam sesuatu pengajaran bahasa, murid-murid akan dilengkapi dengan satu<span> </span>senarai kata yang perlu dikuasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi memahami perbendaharaan kata tersebut, murid-murid diberi terjemahan dalam bahasa ibunda. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Disamping itu, murid-murid juga dilatih untuk membentuk ayat berdasarkan peraturan-peraturan nahu yang telah diajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktiviti membaca merupakan asas untuk mecerakinkan nahu serta menterjemahkan bahasa daripada bahasa sasaran kepada bahasa ibunda ataupun sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktiviti menulis merupakan latihan nahu yang telah diajar serta latihan menulis tentang bahan-bahan yang telah dibaca dan diterjemahkan oleh murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN SITUASIONAL/SENARIO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mackey(1965), salah seorang penganjur pendekatan situasi, berpendapat bahawa pernyataan lisan bukan sahaja merangkumi semua unsur kefahaman mendengar serta penggunaan unsur-unsur bunyi bahasa yang betul dalam pola-pola nada dan intonasi yang betul tetapi juga merangkumi pemilihan kata-kata dan unsur-unsur infleksi serta penyusunan unsur-unsur tersebut dengan betul supaya tergambar makna yang betul.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan situasi yang berlandaskan teori bahasa struktural dan teori pembelajaran behaviouris beranggapan bahawa penguasaan kemahiran lisan memerlukan seseorang penutur menguasai beberapa kemahiran kecil bagi menangkap, mengingat serta menyebut sistem bunyi dan struktur dalam sesuatu bahasa yang betul.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendekatan ini berpendapat bahawa pengajaran kemahiran mestilah berlandaskan prinsip pengajaran berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>a) Pengajaran kemahiran lisan<span> </span>memerlukan<span> </span>usaha guru yang banyak.Tiap-tiap gerak balas yang betul perlu diteguhkan supaya gerak balas itu diulangi lagi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>b) Murid-murid tidak boleh bertutur dengan lancar kalau mereka hanya mendengar pertuturan orang lain sahaja. Jadi, beri mereka peluang mereka untuk bertutur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latih tubi dijalankan bagi melatih murid menguasai bahasa, sebutan dan pola yang digunakan oleh guru. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mulakan dengan penyebutan guru, kemudian murid meniru dan mengulangi sebutan tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sekiranya murid masih bermasalah dengan sebutan tersebut, murid harus ulanginya lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latih tubi meliputi penyebutan ayat, frasa, perkataan, suku kata dan bunyi-bunyi fonem yang diambil dibahagian dialog kemudian dibaca oleh murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasangan perkataan yang mempunyai perbezaan yang paling kecil tetapi dapat menghasilkan makna digunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Contoh: daki dengan laki, tari dengan lari, malu dengan balu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh 1: Dialog dan Nyanyian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dialog atau perbualan merupakan bahan yang sering digunakan dalam latihan lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahagian-bahagian dialog akan dilatih tubi oleh guru sebelum guru dapat menyuruh murid meniru dan menghafal dialog.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aktiviti nyanyian dapat membantu murid-murid menguasai kemahiran lisan kerana menyanyi memerlukan penyebutan bunyi-bunyi dengan betul, mengikut rentak, nada yang betul.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh 2 : Latihan Pandang dan Sebut<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar-gambar boleh digunakan bagi menghasilkan pertuturan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latihan pandang dan sebut merupakan latih tubi bertutur dengan menggunakan gambar-gambar yang dimasukkan dalam teks latihan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Carta bergambar, bahagian filem dan slaid juga digunakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semua alat digunakan supaya murid-murid dapat menghasilkan pertuturan yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN PERMAINAN<br />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan adalah satu jenis aktiviti yang menarik dan memikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru-guru boleh menggunakan permainan sebagai satu pendekatan mengajar yang positif. Bermain biasanya bersifat komunikatif dan menghiburkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid-murid belajar lebih banyak melalui aktiviti kerana permainan memberi lebih banyak peluang untuk melibatkan diri dalam proses komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagi guru-guru disekolah, permainan merupakan alat yang amat penting kerana ia boleh digunakan apabila kanak-kanak berhadapan dengan konsep-konsep dan kemahiran yang memerlukan konsolidasi dan peneguhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan bahasa adalah salah satu cara dalam mempelajari bahasa melalui teknik permainan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penglibatan dalam permainan telah memberi peluang kepada pelajar memperolehi latihan intensif, pembelajaran bermakna dan sebagai alat dianogstik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kebanyakan aktiviti yang dijalankan akan menggunakan pelbagai kemahiran berbahasa pelajar antaranya kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan dapat menimbulkan situasi pembelajaran yang menggembirakan murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru dapat memupuk semangat bersaing di antara murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dapat menanamkan semangat kerjasama antara ahli kumpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru dapat melatih murid-murid untuk mengaktifkan kecekapan bahasa mereka serta mengembangkan penguasaan keempat-empat kemahiran bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan bahasa mempunyai hala tuju yang bertepatan dengan kemahuan dalam sistem pendidikan negara amnya dan Falsafah Pendidikan Negara khususnya. Hala tuju ini diinterpretasikan melalui objektif tersirat dalam permainan bahasa tersebut iaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
-Merangsang interaksi verbal pelajar<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-Menambah kefasihan dan keyakinan<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">- Menyediakan konteks pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-Bertindak sebagai alat yang dapat mengikis<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>rasa bosan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bertindak sebagai alat pemulihan,<span> </span>pengukuhan dan penggayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mewujudkan satu suasana pembelajaran bahasa yang selesa dan menggembirakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membolehkan murid-murid menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat perantaraan semasa bermain <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meneguhkan penggunaan unsur-unsur bahasa tertentu tanpa disedari oleh murid-murid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mewujudkan situsi sosial yang sihat bagi membolehkan murid berinteraksi<span> </span>dengan rakan sebaya mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>v<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mendorong minat murid untuk berkerjasama bagi menjayakan sesuatu tugas yang diberi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 26pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menggalakkan interaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peluang-peluang menggunakan tenaga dan kebolehan berkomunikasi adalah bahagian-bahagian yang berhubung rapat dalam pengalaman berbahasa. Perkara yang lebih penting ialah kesan dari pada hubungan rakan-rakan sebaya. Kerjasama<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 26pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kerjasama<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Adalah elemen penting dalam permainan. Ahli-ahli sesebuah kumpulan bekerjasama sesama sendiri untuk memastikan kumpulan mereka berjaya. Oleh itu, permainan boleh mewujudkan naluri semulajadi manusia untuk bekerjasama<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pertandingan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan memberi peluang kepada murid-murid bertanding sesama sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan boleh melibatkan peserta, masa, kebolehan tertentu, kecemerlangan dan matlamat-matlamat tertentu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan mewujudkan kecenderungan untuk bertanding dan menyalurkannya untuk tujuan-tujuan pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran secara semulajadi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan-permainan yang berbentuk komunikatif membenarkan pembelajaran secara komunikatif. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Banyak aspek pembelajaran bahasa berlaku hanya melalui proses yang semulajad iapabila seseorang itu terlibat dengan penggunaan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan Permainan Komunikatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk merangsangkan interaksi verbal murid-murid. Dalam permainan, murid-murid digalakkan bercakap untuk membolehkan mereka menyuarakan pendapat dan menyatakan pandangan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Guru sebagai fasilitator akan mewujudkan pembelajaran yang “berpusatkan murid”. Peranan guru ialah menggalakkan interaksi dan mengawal keadaan kelas dari segi ketenteraman dan displin.<br />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menambahkan kelancaran dan keyakinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan boleh digunakan sebagai satu cara untuk menambah dan mempertingkatkan kelancaran dan keyakinan murid-murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi bahasa boleh dilaksanakan melalui aras linguistik yang berbeza-beza. Ini membolehkan permainan yang mengandungi arahan-arahan dapat dilaksanakan pada semua peringkat mengikut kadar kefasihan dan kelancaran serta pengetahuan murid terhadap bahasa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk mewujudkan konteks pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan menyediakan peluang-peluang perhubungan yang positif untuk berkembang, bukan sahaja diantara murid-murid bahkan juga diantara guru dan murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perhubungan yang mesra membantu mengharmonikan kelas, membentuk perhubungan mesra sesama mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk bertindak sebagai alat bagi mengatasi kebosanan pada saat-saat kritikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada saat-saat kritikal seperti waktu hampir-hampir tiba masa makan tengah hari, murid-murid merasa letih dan biasanya mereka akan bosan, mengantuk dan lapar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan dapat menciptakan satu bentuk komunikasi secara semulajadi untuk menemui keperluan murid-murid. Contoh: permainan berdasarkan justifikasi perbalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Prinsip-prinsip Bermain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan yang dipilih untuk sesuatu sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran hendaklah dapat memenuhi keperluan psikologi murid-murid iaitu sesuai dengan umur, minat, kebolehan mental dan pengalaman murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru harus peka dengan objektif permainan yang hendak dijalankan Sebaik-baiknya permainan yang telah dipilih itu dapat memenuhi tujuan dan matlamat pengajaran hari itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap permainan yang dipilih harus dapat memberi sumbangan yang besar terhadap peningkatan tahap berbahasa dan pengetahuan atau kemahiran yang hendak dikuasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelum permainan itu dijalankan, guru perlu merancangkannya terlebih dahulu, iaitu bagaimana hendak melaksanakannya,<span> </span>alat-alat yang diperlukan, ganjaran-ganjaran yang perlu disediakan, ruang untuk menjalankan gerak kerja tersebut, penglibatan murid dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penerangan tentang peraturan-peraturan dan syarat-syarat permainan mestilah dijelaskan terlebih dahulu sebelum pelajaran dapat dijalankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semasa aktiviti permainan dijalankan, guru hendaklah membimbing murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di bahagian akhir aktiviti, guru bolehlah bincangkan kesalahan-kesalahan yang berlaku. Guru juga boleh menyemak jawapan murid atau membincangkan perjalanan permainan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru hendaklah memastikan permainan tersebut mempunyai penutup. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan harus difokuskan kepada sesuatu kemahiran atau pengetahuan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru harus menerangkan terlebih dahulu permainan yang akan dimainkan. Murid-murid harus tahu apakah yang akan dikaitkan oleh permainan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sekiranya permainan itu memerlukan penerangan dan penjelasan, guru harus menyediakan kad-kad atau salinan foto. Edarkan salinan foto ini kepada murid-murid dan beri mereka sedikit masa untuk mempelajarinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru kemudian menunjukkan cara bagaimana permainan itu dapat dilaksanakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gunakan seorang murid atau sekumpulan murid dan lakukan demonstrasi dihadapan kelas. Dengan cara ini, idea bagi permainan tersebut adalah lebih mudah dikuasai melalui salinan foto yang dibekalkan, dan penerangan secara verbal tidak dapat membantu pemahaman murid secara berkesan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan hendaklah digunakan mengikut peringkat dalam pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ia harus berfaedah dan menyumbang sesuatu bagi mengukuhkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang hendak dipelajari dan dikuasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelas boleh dikendalikan secara berpasangan atau berkumpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan secara individu boleh juga dijalankan untuk mempertingkatkan kemahiran murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan yang berasaskan pemerhatian atau ingatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan yang berasaskan huraian atau meneka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan yang berasaskan interaksi kumpulan atau antara individu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan kad<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan dam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh-contoh permainan bahasa : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama permainan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: Mendengar dan membuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: supaya murid-murid boleh mendengar dengan betul dan mengikut arahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: pegang hidung kamu, sentuh tangan kamu dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara bermain </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: kelas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah-langkah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: Guru memberi arahan seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>1- Bongkokkan badan kamu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>2- Angkat tangan kamu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>3- Pusingkan badan kamu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid-murid membuat arahan itu sambil berkata “ Saya bongkokkan badan saya” “ saya angkat tangan saya” dan lain-lain. Jika terdapat perbuatan yang salah, maka murid itu tidak dapat markah, kalau betul dapat markah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">RUJUKAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/21963760/Nota-Kaedah-Dan-Teknik-Pengajaran-Bahasa</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 32pt;"><span>•<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/49197959/PEMBELAJARAN-BERASASKAN</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
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</div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-29041988186279471602011-08-15T08:51:00.001-07:002011-08-15T08:51:14.628-07:00KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">DEFINISI KAEDAH <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah merupakan satu siri tindakan guru yang sistematik<span> </span>yang bertujuan untuk mencapai objektif pengajaran yang telah ditetapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah adalah lebih bercorak jangka pendek dan merupakan usaha keseluruhan yang terdiri daripada prosedur tersusun dan adalah berdasarkan sesuatu pendekatan yang dipilih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah juga digunakan bagi mendokong pendekatan dipilih. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH NATURAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah ini berasaskan penggunaan bahasa dalam situasi komunikatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang<span> </span>menekankan rujukan kepada analisis gramatikal, latih tubi gramatikal atau kepada teori tatabahasa tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah ini melihat bahasa sebagai satu alat untuk menghubungkan makna dan mesej.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ini bermakna, penguasaan hanya akan<span> </span>berlaku apabila orang memahami mesej dalam bahasa sasaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS">2 Cara untuk memperkembangkan teori bahasa:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS">1. Penguasaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Cara yang semula jadi, sama seperti cara kanak-kanak menguasai bahasa pertama mereka, iaitu merujuk kepada cara-cara yang tidak disedari yang melibatkan perkembangan melalui pemahaman dan melalui penggunaan bahasa untuk komunikasi yang bermakna. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- Proses yang melibatkan peraturan-peraturan secara sedar tentang bahasa diperkembangkan. Pengajaran yang formal diperlukan untuk membolehkan pembelajaran berlaku dan pembetulan kesalahan dapat membantu dengan perkembangan peraturan yang telah dipelajari <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ASPEK – ASPEK PENTING <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="ListParagraphChar"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="ListParagraphChar"><span lang="MS">Mula dari kelas rendah <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>- sejak murid dari pra sekolah atau tahun 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>- penekanan kepada persembahan input<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peranan murid berubah ikut tahap perkembangan linguistik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>- murid boleh berlakon, kenal pasti rakan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guru merupakan sumber utama <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>- input pemahaman boleh berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BBM : brosur, iklan, peta, jadual, buku yang sesuai dengan tahap kebolehan murid, permainan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid mempunyai 4 tanggungjawab dalam kaedah ini:-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. beri maklumat khusus tentang matlamat<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. mengambil bahagian yang aktif untuk<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>pemerolehan input.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. menentukan masa untuk mulakan penghasilan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>pertuturan dan mempertingkatkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. latihan tatabahasa – masa ditentukan untuk <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>murid menyiapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PROSEDUR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid dimulakan dengan arahan TPR ( Total Physical Response)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guru gunakan TPR untuk mengajar nama bahagian tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengajarkan nama – nama dalam kelas dan lakukannya melalui arahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunakan nama dan ciri – ciri fizikal dan pakaian untuk mendeskripsi rakan dalam kelas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guna alat visual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guna beberapa gambar dan murid tunjuk gambar yang sedang dicerita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH TATABAHASA TERJEMAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah nahu tradisional / kaedah klasik</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penekanan kepada kemahiran menulis dan bukan bertutur.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak mementingkan fonetik, menekankan ejaan dan penulisan dalam bahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran dan perbendaharaan kata diberikan awal sesi pengajaran.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kata-kata disusun dalam ayat melalui hukum tatabahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum-hukum ini dihafaz sebagai cara menguasai bahasa itu.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TEKNIK MENGAJAR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid diperkenalkan dengan hukum-hukum tatabahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guru memberi penerangan kepada murid mengenai hukum tatabahasa diikuti contoh. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid perlu menghafaz hukum-hukum atau rumus tatabahasa. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid diberi senarai perbendaharaan kata yang perlu dihafal. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid membina ayat dengan menggunakan perbendaharaan kata.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUJUAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid – murid faham tatabahasa sesuatu bahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melatih murid menulis dengan bahasa yang betul.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid dapat menterjemah bahasa asing ke dalam bahasa natif.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melengkapkan murid dengan perbendaharaan kata yang luas.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid boleh menikmati nilai kesusasteraan yang dibaca.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEBIHAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak menggunakan masa yang panjang dalam kelas.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak memerlukan pembiayaan yang banyak</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang membebankan guru dalam menyediakan alat bantu.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan intensif yang lama tidak diperlukan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak menghadkan saiz kelas</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid belajar sendiri tanpa bimbingan guru.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEMAHAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sukar untuk membuat terjemahan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memberi tanggapan salah kepada murid terhadap bahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beranggapan kajian fonetik atau bunyi-bunyi bahasa itu tidak penting dipelajari.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid memikirkan bahawa pembelajaran struktur bahasa itu tidak penting.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH TERUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah ini mula direka dan diperkenalkan oleh Michell West dan Harald Palmer antara tahun 1920-1935.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah yang digunakan oleh tentera untuk melatih tentera dan diplomat dalam perang.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemahiran bahasa yang diperlukan untuk operasi tentera adalah kemahiran lisan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemahiran menulis tidak menjadi matlamat penting.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dikenali juga sebagai kaedah askar.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latih tubi digunakan secara intensif melalui guru bahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ditiru untuk mengajar pasukan sukarelawan Amerika untuk belajar bahasa asing.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Utamakan prinsip – prinsip mengajar yang berdasarkan psikologi kanak – kanak.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sesuai untuk pengajaran bahasa kedua.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut Salleh Mohd Akib (1975), kaedah terus ini ialah kaedah pengajaran secara perbualan untuk memperkenalkan bahasa kedua kepada kanak – kanak.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran digunakan dengan menggunakan benda-benda atau objek<span> </span>konkrit.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membolehkan pelajar – pelajar menguasai keempat – empat kemahiran bahasa, contohnya mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membolehkan pelajar – pelajar menggunakan bahasa yang dipelajari di dalam masyarakat yang berkenaan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4 ASAS KAEDAH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hubungan secara lansung antara perkataan dengan benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran dikaitkan dengan pengalaman sedia ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Harus menimbulkan perasaan ingin tahu murid melalui soalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran harus berpandu kepada lunas – lunas kanak – kanak mempelajari bahasa ibunda mereka iaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengutamakan bahasa lisan, kemahiran mendengar harus mendahului kemahiran bertutur.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid – murid dihubungkan terus dengan bahasa yang hendak diajar. Terjemahan tidak digunakan langsung.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak mempelajari sebarang undang – undang tentang bahasa yang hendak dipelajari.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sebutan yang betul diutamakan dan oleh kerana itu kaedah ini memerlukan ilmu pengetahuan fonetik.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ulangan dan pengukuhan harus diperbanyakkan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Harus mempelajari sesuatu secara keseluruhan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran bermula dari senang ke susah.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CIRI - CIRI <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kosa kata dan struktur bahasa sehari-hari <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menggunakan banyak perkara baharu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tatabahasa diajar melalui keadaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran tatabahasa secara lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Minggu pertama khusus untuk latihan sebutan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CARA MENGAJAR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menghubungkan murid terus kepada bahasa yang hendak dipelajari. Semasa pengajaran dijalankan terjemahan tidak sekali digunakan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Segala makna yang tidak difahami murid akan dijelaskan oleh guru dengan cara berikut:</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengaitkan perkataan atau ayat dengan benda yang sebenar.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengaitkan perkataan – perkataan atau ayat – ayat dengan gambar, rajah – rajah, lukisan atau sebagainya.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menggunakan perkataan – perkataan seerti atau yang berlawanan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan menggunakan aksi atau lakonan (terutama bagi perkataan – perkataan kata kerja).</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan cara memberikan huraian atau bercerita.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan menjelaskannya dalam ayat – ayat dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KEBAIKAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengutamakan bahasa lisan kerana penganjur kaedah ini menganggap bahawa dalam pembelajaran bahasa pertama kanak-kanak belajar secara lisan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid dihubung terus dengan bahasa yang<span> </span>hendak diajar. Terjemahan tidak digunakan langsung .</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memerlukan ilmu fonetik. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEMAHAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemahiran bahasa dan kemhairan lisan tidak dapat dijalankan serentak.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid tidak dapat menulis dengan betul. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menggunakan masa yang panjang.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penerimaan murid tidak sama dengan maksud kata sebenar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid-murid lemah akan ketinggalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH AJUK-HAFAZ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran dibahagikan kepada 2 cara:</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>q<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">demonstrasi:berkaitan tatabahasa, pertuturan, perbendaharaan kata.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>q<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latih tubi:penutur jati akan baca beberapa ayat.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 40.5pt;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span><span> </span>;akan mengajuk ayat berkali-kali supaya boleh dihafal.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid tidak perlu menterjemah perkataan demi perkataan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila semua ayat sudah dipelajari, murid membaca deskripsi bahasa sasaran itu dalam bahasa ibunda pula.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Contoh diberi dalam bahasa sasaran dengan persamaannya dengan bahasa ibunda. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid mendengar lagi ayat-ayat daripada pertuturan yang menyambungkan ayat-ayat asas bagi latihan mendengar.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akhirnya, dia berlatih dalam dialog dengan menggunakan ayat dasar dan gabungan bahagian-bahagiannya. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kejelasan dalam menyampaikan pelajaran adalah penting.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sesuatu yang jelas seperti sebutan yang terang dan nyata akan memberi tanggapan yang betul kepada murid – murid.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Satu tanggapan yang baik pula akan melahirkan satu penguasaan bahasa yang baik dan sempurna.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tatabahasa diajar secara menghafaz beberapa ayat asas melalui ajukan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CARA MENGAJAR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guru perlu sediakan: </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan dalam pertuturan </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt left 1.0in 145.65pt;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>Contohnya = <span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan bercakap</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Karangan-karangan lisan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan-latihan cara menyebut sesuatu perkataan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menyebutkan dengan betul tiap-tiap bunyi dalam bahasa sasaran</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tahu menggunakan dalam bentuk-bentuk ayat yang betul. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH LINGUISTIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah ini pada dasarnya membandingkan dua bahasa iaitu di antara bahasa yang dipelajari dengan bahasa lain.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengetahuan bahasa murid itu harus tertumpu kepada bentuk dan fungsi bahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mementingkan pertuturan dan membenarkan penggunaan bahasa yang telah diketahui murid-murid.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mendahulukan bentuk daripada makna.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUJUAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid boleh menggunakan bahasa yang diketahuinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid dapat menerangkan tentang nahu yang terdapat dalam tatabahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menghasilkan murid yang memahami serta bertutur dalam bahasa sasaran dengan sebutan yang baik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CARA MENGAJAR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memulakan pengajaran dengan mengajar sebutan bunyi perkataan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memulakan dengan peringkat mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengajaran sruktur ayat dan unsur tatabahasa dilaksanakan secara induktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aktiviti penulisan adalah berdasarkan bahan lisan dan bacaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila murid menyebut, tumpuan diberikan kepada 5 aspek kebolehan menggunakan bahasa iaitu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sebutan</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (accent)<br />
-menyebut patah-patah perkataan atau sukukata dengan betul termasuk intonasi yang membawa makna dalam sesuatu situasi.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Tatabahasa</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (grammar)<br />
-penggunaan bahasa yang tepat mengikut hukum-hukum bahasa daripada semua aspek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perbendaharaan kata</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (vocabulary)<br />
-meluaskannya dengan penggunaan imbuhan yang sesuai mengikut konteksnya dalam situasi tertentu. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kefasihan</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (fluency)<br />
-aspek kefasihan menentukan bukan sahaja murid boleh bertutur dengan baik, lancar dan berkesan, sebaliknya boleh membunyikan kata atau menyebut perkataan dalam ayat dengan jelas dan betul.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kefahaman</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (comprehension)<br />
- latihan memahami soalan dan memberikan jawapan yang wajar. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teknik ini dikenali juga dengan teknik menghafaz. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antara kelemahan teknik ini ialah ia menghadkan kebebasan berfikir dan menumpukan daya kreativiti murid. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Namun begitu, teknik ini amat berguna dan sesuai untuk isi kandungan pengajaran yang memerlukan ikutan dan ulangan. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEBIHAN :</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyediaan bahan tersusun dan teratur.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid dapat bertutur dalam bahasa ibunda mereka. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEMAHAN :</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perlukan guru terlatih</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memerlukan kos yang tinggi.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid boleh bertutur tetapi tidak boleh kembangkan bahasa dengan baik</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perlukan masa yang lama. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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o:title="" croptop="-3150f" cropbottom="-824f" cropleft="-3707f" cropright="-3043f"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="f"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="438" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="Object_x0020_1" width="624" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH KOD - KOGNITIF<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">J.B. Caroll (1966) berpendapat bahawa kaedah ini merupakan pembaharuan dan pengubahsuaian terhadap kaedah nahu terjemahan berasaskan teori huraian bahasa dan pembelajaran semasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah ini terbentuk berlandaskan teori huraian bahasa Chomsky dan teori pembelajaran Gestalt.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Chomsky berpendapat bahawa bahasa merupakan sistem rumus-rumus bahasa yang ternyata melalui bentuk linguistik.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengetahuan bahasa adalah dalam bentuk abstrak dan bersifat semula jadi dan sejagat.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teori pembelajaran gestalt pula berpendapat bahawa pembelajaran terjadi dari saling tindakan seseorang kanak-kanak dengan persekitaran dalam proses kematangannya.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasilnya, terbentuk celik akal iaitu satu corak pembentukan, imaginasi, dan idea baru.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teori ini menekankan kepentingan pengamatan, dan pemahaman struktur bahasa yang dipelajari.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menekankan bentuk dan makna.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid mengetahui sistem bahasa yang didasarkan pada hukum-hukum tertentu dalam ilmu tatabahasa.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaedah kod kognitif mengutamakan beberapa ciri-ciri penting iaitu;</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam P&P bahasa, lisan tidak ditekankan </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perkara yang diberi perhatian ialah bacaan dan tulisan. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diterapkan secara lansung yang boleh dilakukan melalui pendekatan deduktif.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mementingkan makn a.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menggunakan aplikasi tatabahasa transformasi generatif.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 40.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">LANGKAH PENGAJARAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beri penerangan bagi murid –murid memahami rumus-rumus tatabahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ayat-ayat pencilan digunakan dan huraian unsur-unsur tatabahasa pula dibuat secara induktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam pengajaran bahasa kedua perbezaan – perbezaan antara unsur tatabahasa sasaran dengan bahasa pertama dihuraikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam pengajaran bahasa pertama, unsur pebandingan struktur ayat digunakan bagi memastikan kefahaman murid tentang rumus bahasa yang diajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Contohnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- membandingkan struktur ayat yang mengandungi akhiran –kan dan –I bagi<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span> </span>membolehkan murid memahami imbuhan transitif dan transitif lokatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah murid faham huraian unsur tatabahasa, barula diberi latihan peneguhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH BAHASA KOMUNITI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembelajaran bahasa komuniti atau ‘Community Language Learning’ merupakan cara pembelajaran bahasa yang di asaskan oleh Charles A.Curran bersama dengan rakan-rakannya. La Forge (1983) murid Curran meluaskan teori CLL. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beliau mengesahkan bahawa teori bahasa mestilah bermula daripada ciri-ciri bunyi, ayat dan model-model abstrak bahasa. Seorang pelajar bahasa perlu memahami sistem bunyi, makna yang ditetapkan dan tatabahasa bahasa itu. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berkait rapat dengan amalan pengajaran bahasa asing-teknik kemanusiaan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teknik yang menganggap mempunyai emosi dan perasaan di samping pengetahuan linguistik dan tingkahlaku.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembelajaran berlaku dalam situasi komunikasi yang melibatkan guru dan murid dalam satu interaksi.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kejayaan dalam memperoleh sesuatu bahasa berhubung kait dengan perhubungan baik antara murid dan sesama murid.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PERINGKAT KAEDAH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5 peringkat:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">peringkat kelahiran <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebolehan murid berdikari daripada ibu bapa.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid bebas bercakap dan bina identiti sendiri <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid berasa selamat untuk dikritik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid memajukan daya dan pengetahuan linguistik yang sesuai-boleh jadi pengajar orang lain <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menekankan bahawa kejayaan menguasai bahasa berkait rapat dengan hubungan baik guru dan murid , murid sesama murid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aktiviti yang sesuai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; terjemahan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: kerja kumpulan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: rakaman <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: gambaran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: pemerhatian <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunakan psikologi kaunseling – pembelajaran manusia libatkan faktor kognitif dan afektif. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">KAEDAH ORAL - AURAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Satu kaedah mendengar dan bertutur</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemahiran lisan asas untuk pembelajaran membaca dan menulis.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menggunakan dialog untuk menghafaz</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latih tubi dialog dijalankan dengan cara memberikan perhatian kepada intonasi yang betul</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alat pandang dengar digunakan dengan meluas</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perbendaharaan kata diberikan kepada murid secara beransur-ansur.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah murid kuasai bacaan, latihan diteruskan kepada aktiviti menulis. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUJUAN KAEDAH ORAL-AURAL <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid memperkembangkan keempat-empat kemahiran bahasa iaitu; mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mendengar dan bertutur diberi keutamaan. Kemahiran-kemahiran ini kemudiannya dijadikan asas untuk pembelajaran bacaan dan tulisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid boleh memahami kebudayaan asing melalui pengalaman dalam bahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PROSEDUR <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guru<span> </span>memperdengarkan sebutan penutur jati</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid diminta menyebut perkataan atau rangkai kata yang didengar.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aktiviti dijalankan mengikut kumpulan.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid berlatih bersama-sama</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pecahkan kepada kumpulan kecil</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika terdapat kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan, murid akan diperbetulkan dan mereka diminta mengulang-ulangkan sebutan yang betul itu.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila murid sudah mahir sebutan, latih tubi pola-pola ayat berdasarkan struktur bahasa diberi kepada murid.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan teks untuk murid baca</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan menulis pada akhir pengajaran</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daripada sebutan-sebutan tadi akan dijadikan dialog. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latih tubi pada pola-pola ayat menjadi aktiviti yang penting. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila murid telah menguasai struktur-struktur<span> </span>asas baharulah mereka dibenarkan membaca bahan-bahan bacaan</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latihan menulis dilakukan kemudian setelah murid-murid boleh membaca. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KELEMAHAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membebankan guru-banyak menjalankan latih tubi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masa yang panjang-boleh membosankan murid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Murid hilang keyakinan diri <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tumpuan oral sahaja-sebutan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">RUJUKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://sayasayangbm.blogspot.com/2011/05/kaedah-pengajaran-bahasa-melayu.html"><span style="color: black;">http://sayasayangbm.blogspot.com/2011/05/kaedah-pengajaran-bahasa-melayu.html</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/17294638/Pedagogi-Bahasa-Melayu-Pismp-Bm"><span style="color: black;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/17294638/Pedagogi-Bahasa-Melayu-Pismp-Bm</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://pasirpekani.blogspot.com/2011/02/kaedah-pengajartan-bahasa-melayu.html"><span style="color: black;">http://pasirpekani.blogspot.com/2011/02/kaedah-pengajartan-bahasa-melayu.html</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-Kaedah-Natural-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan"><span style="color: black;">www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-</span></a><b><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-Kaedah-Natural-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan"><span style="color: black;">Kaedah</span></a></b><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-Kaedah-Natural-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan"><span style="color: black;">-</span></a><b><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-Kaedah-Natural-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan"><span style="color: black;">Natural</span></a></b><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/.../5-Kaedah-Natural-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan"><span style="color: black;">-Terus-Dan-a-Terjemahan</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/fikratulhaq/modul-kaedah-dan-strategi-pengjaran-presentation/download"><span style="color: black;">http://www.slideshare.net/fikratulhaq/modul-kaedah-dan-strategi-pengjaran-presentation/download</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21963760/Nota-Kaedah-Dan-Teknik-Pengajaran-Bahasa"><span style="color: black;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/21963760/Nota-Kaedah-Dan-Teknik-Pengajaran-Bahasa</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Juriah Long et al(1994). <i>Perkaedahan Bahasa Melayu(Edisi Ke-4). </i>Kuala Lumpur:Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span>•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="MS" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kamarudin Hj. Husin(1998). <i>Pedagogi Bahasa Melayu(edisi ke-8). </i>Selangor:Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-10395300722161904452011-08-15T08:40:00.000-07:002011-08-15T08:46:19.184-07:00TEORI PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TEORI BEHAVIOURISME<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PELOPOR : <b>B.F. SKINNER<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Behaviour merujuk kepada aksi atau reaksi manusia dalam bentuk gerak balas hasil daripada rangsangan dalaman atau luaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mementingkan persekitaran murid untuk membantu proses P & P.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Termasuk perlakuan guru, kawan-kawan mereka sendiri serta suasana dalam bilik darjah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berasaskan teori pelaziman klasik, iaitu kanak-kanak mempelajari bahasa melalui hukuman dan ganjaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Proses pembelajaran berlaku secara berulang dan menekan latih tubi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penguasaan bahasa dikuasai melalui latihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teori ini menganggap bahasa adalah peraturan-peraturan yang mempunyai tatabahasa yang sistematik dan sentiasa mengalami perubahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menurut Skinner, pembelajaran bahasa berlaku apabila ibu bapa atau ahli keluarga mengajar kanak-kanak bercakap dan memberi galakan dengan memberi ganjaran setiap kali kanak-kanak dapat meniru atau menyebut perkataan yang diajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ganjaran yang diberi adalah untuk mengukuhkan sesuatu perlakuan bahasa yang betul yang berjaya dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Di antara ganjaran yang diberikan adalah pujian seperti ”pandai”, senyuman, ciuman, tepuk tangan, pelukan, dan lain-lain yang boleh merangsang kanak-kanak bercakap.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> B.F. Skinner juga mengatakan bahawa manusia secara semula jadi dilahirkan dengan keupayaan mempelajari bahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Keupayaan bertutur adalah satu bentuk perlakuan manusia yang dikenali sebagai perlakuan bahasa yang terbentuk berdasarkan prinsip Teori Behavioris.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PRINSIP TEORI BEHAVIORISME<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bahasa yang diutamakan bahasa lisan manakala tulisan ialah bahasa kedua terpenting <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bahasa adalah tabiat atau kebiasaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengukuhan penting dalam P&P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Latihan bahasa perlu diperkukuhkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Model-model bahasa yang terbaik perlu diutamakan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Wujudkan unsur rangsangan dan tindak balas dalam P&P <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">HUBUNGAN TEORI BEHAVIORISME DALAM P&P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menekan analisis tatabahasa mengenai morfologi dan sintaksis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berfahaman bahawa data-data bahasa dapat dikaji.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mengkaji semua ayat atau ujaran dengan tujuan melihat ciri yang berbeza.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kategori tatabahasa adalah berdasarkan struktur tiap-tiap aspek bahasa <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KEKUATAN TEORI BEHAVIORISME <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teori ini sangat sesuai untuk melatih atau mendidik kanak-kanak yang masih memerlukan bantuan daripada orang dewasa di sekeliling mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sebagai contoh, kanak-kanak tadika memerlukan bimbingan dan perhatian yang khusus daripada orang di persekitarannya terutamanya guru-guru mereka kerana mereka mudah mengikuti apa yang diajar dan disuruh selain suka meniru perlakuan orang di sekelilingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Selain itu, mereka juga suka dengar bentuk-bentuk penghargaan yang diberi kepadanya seperti pujian dan melalui bentuk penghargaan tersebut ianya dapat menaikkan semangat belajar dalam diri mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Guru tidak perlu mengambil masa yang lama memberi penerangan yang panjang tentang pembelajaran kepada murid-murid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Selain daripada itu teori ini menekankan kemahiran lisan berbanding kemahiran membaca dan menulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Melalui aspek kemahiran yang ditekankan dapat memberikan kelebihan kepada murid kerana aspek lisan iaitu mendengar dan bertutur penting dalam situasi harian murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KELEMAHAN TEORI BEHAVIORISME<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Proses pembelajaran yang tidak kondusif bagi murid-murid kerana pembelajaran berlaku dalam keadaan sehala di mana ianya berpusat pada guru sahaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Guru hanya mengajar dan melatih murid manakala murid hanya menerima apa yang diajar guru tanpa memberi sebarang maklum balas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Murid berperanan sebagai pendengar dan mereka menghafal apa yang didengar dan dipandang cara belajar yang efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penggunaan hukuman merupakan salah satu cara guru mendisiplinkan murid dan akan mendatangkan akibat buruk kepada murid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hal ini kerana sistem pembelajaran tersebut lebih tertumpu kepada rangsangan dan gerak balas yang ditunjukkan. Sekiranya tiada rangsangan maka tindak balas tidak akan berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sebagai contoh, guru akan beri rangsangan seperti hadiah dan baru mereka memberi jawapan yang dikehendaki guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teori ini adalah penambahan ilmu pengetahuan lebih tertumpu kepada buku teks. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Hal ini kerana mereka belajar mengikut urutan kurikulum yang sangat ketat sehinggakan buku teks merupakan buku wajib dalam pembelajaran mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Malah, mereka juga dikehendaki memahami dan mempersembahkan kembali isi pembelajaran di dalam buku teks tersebut dengan baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TEORI KOGNITIF<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PELOPOR :<b> JEAN PIAGET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KONSEP PENTING YANG DIUTARAKAN OLEH JEAN PIAGET<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Skema <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Asimilasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Akomodasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adaptasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SKEMA<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ia merujuk kepada potensi am yang ada dalam diri manusia untuk melakukan sesuatu dengan cara tertentu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Contohnya: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sewaktu dilahirkan, bayi telah dilengkapkan dengan beberapa gerakan pantulan yang dikenali sebagai skema seperti gerakan menghisap, memandang, mencapai, merasa, memegang, serta menggerakkan tangan dan kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Skema yang ada pada bayi akan menentukan bagaimana bayi bertindakbalas dengan <br />
persekitarannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ASIMILASI <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Satu proses penyesuaian antara objek yang baru diperolehi dengan skema yang sedia ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Membolehkan manusia mengikuti sesuatu modifikasi skema hasil daripada pengalaman yang baru diperolehi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Contohnya, seorang kanak-kanak yang baru pertama kali melihat sebiji epal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanak tersebut akan menggunakan skema memegang dan sekaligus merasanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">AKOMODASI <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Merupakan suatu proses di mana struktur kognitif mengalami perubahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berfungsi apabila skema tidak dapat mengasimilasi (menyesuaikan) persekitaran<br />
baru yang belum lagi berada dalam perolehan kognitif kanak-kanak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Contohnya, kanak-kanak yang berumur dua tahun yang tidak ditunjukkan magnet akan menyatukan objek baru ke dalam skemanya dan mewujudkan penyesuaian konsep terhadap magnet itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ADAPTASI <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Wujud keseimbangan di antara akomodasi dan asimilasi untuk disesuaikan dengan persekitaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Perubahan daripada satu peringkat ke satu peringkat seterusnya hanya akan berlaku apabila kanak-kanak mencapai tahap kematangan yang sesuai dan terdedah kepada pengalaman yang relevan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tanpa pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut, kanak-kanak dianggap tidak mampu mencapai tahap perkembangan kognitif yang tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oleh yang demikian, beliau telah membahagikan perkembangan kognitif kepada empat tahap yang mengikut turutan umur. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TAHAP – TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tahap Sensorimotor atau deria motor <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(dari lahir hingga 2 tahun) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tahap Praoperasi ( 2 hingga 7 tahun) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tahap Operasi Konkrit ( 7 hingga 12 tahun) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tahap Operasi Formal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(12 tahun hingga dewasa)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TAHAP SENSORIMOTOR<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pada tahap ini, bayi melihat kepada hubungan antara badannya dengan persekitaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kebolehan deria motornya berkembang dari semasa ke semasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bayi tersebut mempelajari tentang dirinya dengan melihat, menyentuh, dan mendengar di sekelilingnya kemudian menirunya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kebolehan untuk meniru tingkah laku dikenali sebagai pembelajaran melalui pemerhatian (observational learning) (Mussen dan Kagan, 1974). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TAHAP PRAOPERASI<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menurut Piaget, perkembangan yang paling penting di tahap ini ialah <b>penggunaan bahasa</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanak-kanak yang berada di tahap ini mula menggunakan simbol di dalam permainan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Contohnya mengandaikan buku sebagai kereta apabila ditolak di atas lantai. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Namun begitu, dari segi kualiti, pemikiran kanak-kanak masih lagi di tahap yang rendah berbanding dengan orang dewasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: 'Courier New';">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Contohnya, pemikiran kanak-kanak adalah <b>egosentrik </b>di mana, di dunia ini, keseluruhannya dilihat hanya dari perspektif mereka sahaja. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TAHAP OPERASI KONKRIT<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pada tahap ini, kanak-kanak tidak lagi berfikir secara egosentrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Perasaan ingin tahu menjadikan kanak-kanak akan gemar bertanyakan sesuatu yang menarik minat mereka kepada orang yang lebih dewasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berkembangnya semangat inkuiri menyebabkan mereka mula menerima pendapat orang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanak-kanak akan mula belajar bermain dan bergaul dengan rakan-rakan yang sebaya kerana mereka akan mula memasuki zaman persekolahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mereka sedikit demi sedikit sudah mula memahami unsur-unsur pemikiran logik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mereka faham akan konsep-konsep nombor, berat, susunan dan padatan serta konsep pengekalan sesuatu benda atau objek. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Walau bagaimanapun, kanak-kanak pada umur sebegini masih belum memahami atau menaakul tentang perkara-perkara yang abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TAHAP OPERASI FORMAL <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pada tahap ini Piaget menyatakan bahawa perkembangan kecerdasan kognitif manusia telah sampai ke tahap maksima. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pemikiran dan penghuraian pendapat individu pada tahap ini dikatakan lebih baik dan nyata. Mereka dikatakan mampu membuat keputusan dan telah dapat membuat hipotesis melalui pemerhatian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Individu telah mula mencari jalan untuk menyelesaikan masalah berdasarkan rasional dan lebih bersifat sistematik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KELEMAHAN TEORI PIAGET<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengkritik menyatakan bahawa Teori Piaget ini tidak mampu menerangkan struktur, proses dan fungsi kognitif dengan jelas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mereka menyatakan sekiranya kanak-kanak melalui setiap peringkat perkembangan kognitif berasaskan set operasi yang khusus, maka apabila kanak-kanak tersebut berjaya memahirkan set operasi tertentu, mereka sepatutnya juga dapat menyelesaikan semua masalah yang memerlukan set operasi yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KEKUATAN TEORI KOGNITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menekankan kepada proses perkembangan pemikiran kanak-kanak. Oleh itu pembelajaran bahasa akan diajar secara berperingkat-peringkat mengikut kematangan murid berkenaan. Dengan itu proses pembelajaran berlaku secara sistematik dan guru dapat mengawal kadar kemajuan pembelajaran murid secara berperingkat-peringkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menekankan kepada pembelajaran mengikut kadar kendiri, di mana murid berpeluang belajar sesuatu pengetahuan atau kemahiran berdasarkan minat, kebolehan dan tahap kognitif mereka sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menekankan kaedah pengajaran berpusatkan pelajar. Pengajaran berpusatkan pelajar bermaksud pelajar terlibat secara aktif dalam aktiviti pembelajaran dan penggunaan bahan-bahan pembelajaran berbanding guru. Oleh itu ia amat sesuai digunakan untuk mengajar kemahiran berbahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TEORI MENTALIS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PELOPOR : <b>NOAM CHOMSKY</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Memperkenalkan analisis bahasa Transformasi generatif (Chomsky)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mendokong istilah <u>generatif</u>, <u>kreatif</u>, <u>eksplisit</u>, <u>kegramatisan</u> dan transformasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berandaian teori kod kognitif bahawa P&P bahasa sebagai satu proses kognitif <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teori mentalis berpendapat bahawa pemerolehan bahasa sebagai proses pemikiran yang melibatkan aktiviti mental. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menurut teori ini, bahasa ialah aktiviti mental yang merupakan kebolehan semulajadi manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">N.Chomsky, salah seorang pelopor teori ini berpendapat bahawa manusia dilahirkan bersama Peranti Pemerolehan Bahasa (Language Acquisation Device) atau LAD.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Alat ini membolehkan manusia mempunyai kebolehan semulajadi untuk menguasai bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bagi menguatkan teorinya tentang LAD, Chomsky memberikan empat kenyataan iaitu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">proses pemerolehan bahasa semua kanak-kanak boleh dikatakan sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">proses pemerolehan bahasa ini tidak ada kaitannya dengan kecerdasan (anak yang IQ-nya rendah juga juga memperoleh bahasa pada masa dan cara yang hampir sama ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">proses pemerolehan bahasa tidak pula dipengaruhi oleh motivasi atau emosi kanak-kanak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">tatabahasa yang dihasilkan oleh semua kanak-kanak boleh dikatakan sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Golongan mentalis berpendapat bahawa seseorang kanak-kanak menggunakan keupayaan sedia ada pada mereka untuk merumus dan membentuk ayat mengikut sistem bahasa yang mereka peroleh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Manakala prestasi ialah aspek penggunaan bahasa oleh penutur berdasarkan kecekapan bahasa manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oleh hal yang demikian, teori ini mengutamakan proses berfikir berbanding dengan perlakuan manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CIRI TATABAHASA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Terdiri daripada rumus-rumus yang berurutan dan teratur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menghuraikan bagaimana bahasa boleh dihasilkan dan difahami <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menganalisis fonologi, morfologi dan sintaksis <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">HUBUNGAN TEORI MENTALIS DALAM P&P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ada dua perkara penting dalam penguasaan bahasa kecekapan dan prestasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Prinsip: undang-undang bahasa ditekankan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tulisan dan bacaan diutamakan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pendekatan Analisis <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kaedah: kod-kognitif <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teknik: hafalan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">TEORI INTERAKSIONALIS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PELOPOR : <b>HALLIDAY</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berkembang dalan Tahun 60an<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tokoh-tokohnya ialah Bloom (1970), Bowennan (1973),Gromer (1976) dll <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Berpandangan kognitif sahaja tidak boleh menjelaskan penguasaan bahasa – hanya boleh manfsirkan makna yang tidak menjamin dilahirkan dalam bentuk bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanak-kanak perlu didedahkan kepada interaksi lingguistik bagi menggambarkan bentuk linguistik yang jelas dan tepat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mementingkan aktiviti <i>komunikasi.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Seseorang menghasilkan bahasa apabila memerlukannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Perkembangan bahasa melibatkan proses kognitif & proses interaksi bahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Melalui interaksi terhasillah ayat penyata & ayat perintah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Manusia saling memerlukan pengaruh antara satu dengan lain <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Melibatkan apa sahaja yang bersangkut paut dengan cara hidup satu kumpulan manusia atau masyarakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Manusia dapat bertindak balas secara peka terhadap pengalaman. Dengan ini mereka dapat memperkembangkan kepercayaan mereka terhadap dunia disekeliling mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam konteks pengajaran, aliran ini berpendapat sekolah ialah satu kumpulan sosial dan pelajar harus mengembangkan kapasiti sosial mereka semaksima mungkin. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dalam proses pembelajaran, pelajar harus dapat belajar dalam situasi dan konteks sosial yang sebenar, yang memberi peluang mereka berinteraksi, kemahiran berkomunikasi, bekerjasama, bertanggungjawab dan penuh keyakinan diri. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Perilaku manusia tidak ditentukan oleh kuasa dalaman dan mereka bebas untuk membuat pilihan. Pengaruh persekitaran tidak berupaya untuk mempengaruhi mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PANDANGAN DALAM P&P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sebagai satu alat berinteraksi dan ia melibatkan proses mental dan linguistik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mementingkan proses pembentukan hipotesis mengenai undang-undang bahasa dalam p&p <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Seseorang pelajar perlu menggunakan struktur-struktur bahasa yang betul dari segi tatabahasa dan makna <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Guru perlu banyak memberi latihan kepada murid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Menganggap penyampaian makna (semantik) penting namun struktur bahasa perlu berjalan serentak <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ini membantu murid menggunakan sistem bahasa yang dipelajari dengan betul <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">PRINSIP P&P INTERAKSIONALIS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Penyampaian makna bermakna dalam komunikasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pembelajaran bahasa merupakan proses mental dan linguistik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">P&P perlu penumpuan terhadap aktiviti yang bermakna <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KELEBIHAN TEORI INTERAKSIONALIS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Merupakan interaksi sosial harian. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Individu berinteraksi dengan individu yang lain untuk mencapai motif dan sesuatu tujuan atau matlamat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Banyak menggunakan simbol seperti warna, lampu, isyarat, gerak geri, lambang dan sebagainya dalam proses mencipta hubungan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Komunikasi dan cara hidup manusia mempunyai simboliknya yang tersendiri yang sangat penting dan saling difahami oleh setiap individu sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KELEMAHAN TEORI INTERAKSIONALIS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Teori ini tidak melihat kehidupan sosial secara menyeluruh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Walau bagaimanapun, teori interaksionalisme ini hanyalah salah satu daripada perspektif tentang pemahaman dan pemikiran tentang dunia sosial. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Perbezaan pemahaman tentang dunia sosial ini menunjukkan hubungan antara manusia dengan masyarakat adalah tidak terbatas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oleh itu, sebarang pendekatan sosiologi cuma boleh memberikan sebahagian huraian tentang manusia dan masyarakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">RUJUKAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/53839283/20/Teori-Pemerolehan-Bahasa-Interaksionalis">http://www.scribd.com/doc/53839283/20/Teori-Pemerolehan-Bahasa-Interaksionalis</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/3951911/TEORI-PEMEROLEHAN-BAHASA-1">http://www.scribd.com/doc/3951911/TEORI-PEMEROLEHAN-BAHASA-1</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://kulanzsalleh.blogspot.com/2009/12/teori-pemerolehan-bahasa.html">http://kulanzsalleh.blogspot.com/2009/12/teori-pemerolehan-bahasa.html</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://anuarsped.blogspot.com/2009/04/pengenalan-bahasa.html">http://anuarsped.blogspot.com/2009/04/pengenalan-bahasa.html</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://inspirasi-smallprincess.blogspot.com/2009/04/teori-interaksionisme.html">http://inspirasi-smallprincess.blogspot.com/2009/04/teori-interaksionisme.html</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Juriah Long et al(1994). <i>Perkaedahan Bahasa Melayu(Edisi Ke-4). </i>Kuala Lumpur:Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kamarudin Hj. Husin(1998). <i>Pedagogi Bahasa Melayu(edisi ke-8). </i>Selangor:Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd <b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-45340595788454989362011-08-15T08:14:00.001-07:002011-08-15T08:14:37.953-07:00<span xmlns=''><p style='text-align: center'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH<br/>(BMM 3117)<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: center'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>TAJUK 5: STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: center'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='color:red; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>STRATEGI<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>KONSEP STRATEGI<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menurut kamus dewan (1998), strategi bermaksud rancangan yang teratur untuk mencapai matlamat atau kejayaan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Strategi juga bermakna kebijaksanaan dalam menguruskan sesuatu perkara<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam bidang pendidikan, strategi merujuk kepada kebijaksanaan memilih pendekatan serta kecekapan merancang kaedah dan teknik dalam satu-satu pengajaran berdasarkan objektif pelajaran yang telah ditentukan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Di dalam sesuatu waktu pelajaran, strategi P&P merangkumi perkara-perkara berikut:<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penentuan pendekatan berdasarkan objektif pelajaran.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pemilihan kaedah dan teknik mengajar berdasarkan pendekatan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penyusunan kaedah dan teknik mengajar secara sistematik dengan mengikut prinsip dan teori pembelajaran.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pengagihan masa dan langkah mengajar untuk setiap faedah dan teknik mengajar yang telah disusun.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pengagihan bahan murid mengikut keperluannya dalam setiap kaedah dan teknik mengajar.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pengurusan kelas mengikut pendekatan kaedah dan teknik mengajar yang sesuai.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Melayu di peringkat sekolah rendah menekankan penggabungjalinan, penyerapan, penilaian, pengayaan, dan pemulihan. Ini selaras dengan usaha memenuhi konsep bersepadu dalam Falsafah Pendidikan Negara. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Namun demikian, guru-guru adalah digalakkan untuk menggunakan pelbagai kaedah mengajar yang sesuai dengan kebolehan murid.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah bergantung kepada pengolahan teknik dan penggunaan bahan bantu mengajar yang dapat merangsang dan menggalakkan murid-murid berkomunikasi, berinteraksi, dan berfikir.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENGGABUNGJALINAN</strong> <br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penggabungjalinan memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Melalui proses ini, beberapa kemahiran dapat dikuasai serentak. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Cara ini juga dapat mengelakkan kebosanan dalam proses pembelajaran. Kemahiran-kemahiran boleh digabungjalinkan, sama ada kemahiran yang terdapat dalam kemahiran berbahasa atau kemahiran daripada mata pelajaran lain. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENYERAPAN</strong> <br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam pengajaran bahasa Melayu, unsur-unsur ilmu dan nilai-nilai murni juga boleh diserapkan. Penyerapan ini mengandungi pelbagai bidang ilmu seperti sains, matematik, sejarah, dan lain-lain. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENGAYAAN</strong> <br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Program pengayaan perlu diberi penekanan dalam Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah kerana keadaan murid yang berbeza dari segi kebolehan, keupayaan, bakat, dan minat. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Murid ini hendaklah diberikan bahan yang berbeza-beza untuk digunakan secara bersendirian atau dengan bimbingan guru.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Bahan-bahan seperti bahan bacaan tambahan, kad-kad kerja, permainan, dan bahan-bahan aktiviti boleh diberikan kepada murid yang telah menguasai kemahiran-kemahiran dalam jangka masa yang ditetapkan atau lebih awal daripada jangka masa yang ditentukan. <br/> <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PEMULIHAN</strong> <br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Program pemulihan disediakan untuk membantu murid menguasai kemahiran-kemahiran asas yang belum dapat dikuasai dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Bahan-bahan untuk program ini terdiri daripada kad-kad, carta, bahan maujud, alat permainan, dan lain-lain yang boleh digunakan berperingkat-peringkat daripada yang mudah kepada yang lebih sukar. Pelaksanaan program ini adalah mengikut kadar kemampuan murid menguasai sesuatu kemahiran. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENILAIAN</strong> <br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penilaian dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Penilaian merupakan suatu aktiviti untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang berguna bagi menentukan pencapaian sesuatu objektif pengajaran atau pembelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Oleh itu, penilaian perlulah dijalankan berterusan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Hanya melalui proses penilaian berterusan dapat dipastikan jenis tindakan susulan yang perlu diambil ke atas seseorang murid, sama ada untuk menjalankan pemulihan atau pengayaan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dan setelah itu barulah dapat dipastikan jenis aktiviti pemulihan atau aktiviti pengayaan yang sesuai bagi murid. Dengan cara yang sedemikian, selain mengetahui tahap pencapaian, kelemahan murid dapat dipulihkan sebelum kelemahan-kelemahan pembelajaran terkumpul di tahap yang lebih tinggi.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Rumusan <br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pemilihan strategi haruslah berdasarkan pertimbangan terhadap teori pembelajaran, pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik mengajar. Pemilihan dan pengurusan strategi yang sesuai akan menghasilkan pencapaian objektif yang berkesan.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='color:red; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENDEKATAN<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan </strong><br/>Kamus Dewan (1998) – pendekatan sebagai cara atau langkah-langkah bagi memulakan dan melaksanakan sesuatu tugas.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan biasanya dimaksudkan dengan arah atau hala yang kita ambil untuk menuju sesuatu sasaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam pengertian yang lebih luas pendekatan juga diertikan sebagi "to come near to in any sense" atau jalan yang diambil untuk melakukan sesuatu. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan-pendekatan yang dipilih biasanya berasaskan teori-teori atau generalisasi yang tertentu.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENDEKATAN PENGAJARAN BAHASA<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>INDUKTIF<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>DEDUKTIF<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>EKLEKTIK<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>KOMUNIKATIF<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>INDUKTIF<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan induktif</strong> bermula daripada spesifik kepada umum. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menurut J.M Kierzek dan W.Gibson (1960), pendekatan induktif dimulakan dengan sesuatu sebab atau contoh dan menuju ke arah sesuatu generalisasi. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui pendekatan ini, guru akan memulakan pengajaran dengan memberi sebanyak mungkin contoh khusus sehingga murid dapat membuat kesimpulan berkenaan apa yang cuba disampaikan oleh guru.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini sesuai digunakan dalam semua pelajaran bagi menggalakkan murid berfikir perkaitan antara sesuatu. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Antara prinsip-prinsip penggunaan pendekatan induktif adalah menggunakan contoh-contoh yang relevan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. <br /></span></div><p><br /> </p></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Ini adalah sebagai rujukan kepada murid untuk lebih memahami apa yang cuba disampaikan oleh guru. <br /></span></div><p><br /> </p></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Selain itu, soalan-soalan akan disediakan untuk membimbing murid membuat kesimpulan.<br /></span></div><p><br /> </p></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>DEDUKTIF<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Merujuk kepada cara pengajaran yang bermula dengan guru memberikan rumus-rumus atau teori yang sudah diketahui umum.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Selepas itu, proses P&P diteruskan di mana para murid akan menganalisis rumus-rumus yang didedahkan terlebih dahulu melalui contoh-contoh yang dibentangkan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan deduktif</strong> merupakan jenis pengajaran yang bermula daripada umum kepada spesifik. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini merujuk kepada satu pembelajaran dimana murid bermula dengan hukum yang umum dan digunakan dalam kes-kes tertentu. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Strategi Pengajaran Deduktif merupakan kaedah mengajar yang kompleks kerana murid perlu memperolehi kefahaman yang mendalam /mencukupi serta berupaya memilih rumus, hukum, teorem, peraturan yang telah dipelajari dengan tepat untuk diaplikasi pada contoh-contoh khusus.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam penggunaan pendekatan ini, guru memberitahu objektif pembelajaran kepada murid-murid pada awal pengajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Selepas itu, barulah mereka dibimbing supaya mengingati fakta dan ciri-ciri tertentu yang berkaitan bagi membolehkan mereka menyelesaikan masalah atau mendapat kesimpulan baru.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>EKLEKTIK<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan eklektik</strong> menggunakan dua atau lebih kaedah yang menggabungkan segala ciri yang baik daripada pendekatan tersebut dan menggunakannya dalam satu-satu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan eklektik dihasilkan dengan menggunakan gabungan pendekatan indukif dan deduktif.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini sesuai untuk kelas yang mempunyai murid pelbagai kebolehan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Guru tidak terikat dengan mana-mana pendekatan secara rigid tetapi pengajarannya lebih luas dan mudah diubahsuai mengikut kesediaan pelajar waktu itu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Sebagai contoh, guru boleh memulakan P&P dengan memberikan contoh dan diikuti dengan kesimpulan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Selain itu, proses P&P boleh diakhiri dengan memberikan contoh diikuti dengan generalisasi. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Proses ini lebih menyerupai kepada pendekatan induktif.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Jika guru memulakan pelajaran dengan memberikan peraturan atau generalisasi diikuti dengan contoh dan kemudian diakhiri dengan penerangan tentang peraturan, maka ianya lebih kepada pendekatan deduktif. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kesimpulannya, pendekatan eklektik ini sebenarnya dapat mengatasi kelemahan dan kekurangan yang terdapat pada kedua-dua pendekatan induktif dan deduktif.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Mengikut pendekatan ini, guru menjadi lebih fleksibel dan mampu mengandalikan kelas mengikut kehendak dan keperluan murid.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>KOMUNIKATIF<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan komunikatif </strong>merupakan pendekatan yang berpusatkan murid iaitu berfokuskan kepada bentuk-bentuk komunikasi iaitu seperti meminta maaf, bercerita ataupun melapor.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Situasi ini berlaku dalam amalan masyarakat sehari-hari.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui pendekatan ini, penekanan tentang penyerapan bentuk gramatikal adalah bagi tujuan komunikasi.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini wujud kerana didapati pendekatan lain lebih mementingkan penguasaan bahasa pada peringkat membina ayat-ayat yang betul secara pencilan yang terkeluar daripada konteks wacana. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Hasilnya, murid tidak menguasai kecekapan berkomunikasi.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penguasaan komunikasi adalah perlu agar murid dapat membuat pemilihan struktur ayat yang betul mengikut konteks bahasa.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam pendekatan komunikatif ini, beberapa prinsip perlu dipatuhi oleh guru agar murid dapat menggunakan bahasa yang betul dalam berkomunikasi antaranya ialah murid perlu mengetahui aktiviti yang dilakukan dan guru haruslah merancang terlebih dahulu aktiviti agar murid menggunakan bahasa dalam berkomunikasi.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Selain itu, pengajaran bahasa dibuat dalam konteks wacana dan guru perlu mengajar bahasa yang melampaui batas ayat agar pelajar dapat berkomunikai secara berkesan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pengajaran bahasa lebih mengikut proses komunikasi sebenar iaitu seperti perbualan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Rumusan yang boleh dibuat ialah pendekatan merupakan sesuatu yang agak umum dan ia seolah-olahnya menunjukkan sesuatu haluan tetapi tidak menerangkan bagaimana caranya untuk menuju haluan itu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Cara-cara yang digunakan untuk menuju arah yang ditetapkan oleh sesuatu pendekatan pengajaran adalah kaedah-kaedah pengajaran.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan Pembelajaran Bahasa</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Berpusatkan Murid </strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Berdasarkan Bahan </strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pemebelajaran Berasaskan Projek </strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran Berasaskan Masalah</strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran Berasaskan Aktiviti </strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran Berasaskan Situasional/Senario </strong><br /> </span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Pembelajaran Berasaskan Permainan </strong><br /> </span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan berpusatkan murid </strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan pembelajaran berpusatkan murid berlaku apabila murid memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pembelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Murid-murid digalakkan melibatkan diri secara aktif dalam aktiviti pembelajaran mereka. Murid-murid diberi peluang untuk maju mengikut kadar keupayaan mereka sendiri. Sehubungan dengannya aktiviti pemulihan dan pengayaan merupakan sebahagian daripada proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Guru merupakan seorang pemimpin yang memandu murid-murid menjalankan aktiviti pembelajaran sama ada secara kumpulan atau individu. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Banyak masa diperuntukkan untuk murid melaksanakan sesuatu aktiviti. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan berpusatkan bahan </strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran, bahan pelajaran sangat penting. Guru atau murid bergantung sepenuhnya kepada penggunaan bahan pelajaran untuk mencapai objektif pelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih mengutamakan kecekapan dan kemahiran menggunakan bahan pelajaran untuk mencapai objektif pelajaran. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini menekankan perkembangan kognitif, jasmani dan rohani. Penggunaan bahan mengajar akan membantu murid memahami konsep yang abstrak dengan lebih jelas. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan berasaskan projek</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran, pendekatan berasaskan projek boleh membantu guru untuk menjadikan pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih berkesan dan menarik. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam pendekatan berasaskan projek, pengajaran dan pembelajaran akan lebih menarik apabila guru dan murid dapat mengalami sendiri sesuatu situasi pembelajaran melalui projek yang dilaksanakan. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pendekatan berasaskan masalah </strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pengajaran dan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah memerlukan seseorang guru secara kreatif menimbulkan situasi, keadaan dan fenomena yang boleh mendorong minat dan kecenderungan murid menggunakan fikiran dan kemahiran berbahasa untuk menyelesaikan masalah. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Guru menentukan tujuan, mengagihkan murid dalam kumpulan dan menentukan tugasan untuk menyelesaikan masalah. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran berasaskan aktiviti</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui pendekatan ini murid-murid bergerak aktif secara fizikal dan mental bagi tujuan melaksanakan tugasan mereka dalam aktiviti tertentu. Dengan demikian minat dan kecenderungan murid sentiasa terarah untuk terlibat secara langsung dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran guru. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pembelajaran berasaskan aktiviti boleh meningkatkan keberkesanan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran guru bahasa Melayu di sekolah-sekolah. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran berasaskan situasional </strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Pendekatan ini mementingkan penggunaan objek secara konkrit, gambar-gambar dan bahan-bahan maujud serta gerakan tingkah laku yang boleh membantu menjayakan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Guru hanya bertindak sebagai model dan menyediakan latar situasi yang dapat menciptakan struktur bahasa sasaran dan kemudian mengemukakan contoh-contoh untuk diikuti secara berulang untuk mengukuhkan pembelajaran. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Pembelajaran berasaskan permainan </strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam pendekatan ini pengajaran dan pembelajaran seolah-olah hidup dengan permainan-permainan yang disediakan. Murid-murid akan mengalami sendiri aktiviti permainan yang dilaksanakan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Murid-murid akan mudah memahami apa yang guru ajarkan melalui permainan yang disediakan dengan menarik dan berkesan. Murid-murid dapat berkomunikasi dengan berkesan dan melahirkan perasaan dengan menggunakan bahasa dan aksi<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='color:red; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>KAEDAH<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Definisi Kaedah<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah merupakan satu siri tindakan guru yang sistematik yang bertujuan untuk mencapai objektif pengajaran yang telah ditetapkan.<br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah adalah lebih bercorak jangka pendek dan merupakan usaha keseluruhan yang terdiri daripada prosedur tersusun serta berdasarkan sesuatu pendekatan yang dipilih.Kaedah juga digunakan bagi mendokong pendekatan dipilih.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah merupakan langkah-langkah atau peringkat-peringkat pengajaran yang tersusun rapi dan kesinambungan yang harus dituruti dengan saksama bagi mencapai sesuatu objektif pengajaran (Mangantar Simanjuntak, 1982:72). <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><br /> </span></p><div><table border='0' style='border-collapse:collapse'><colgroup><col style='width:104px'/><col style='width:520px'/></colgroup><tbody valign='top'><tr style='height: 39px; background: #ff388c'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Penerangan </strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 113px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah Natural </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah ini berasaskan penggunaan bahasa dalam situasi komunikatif seperti yang berlaku dalam pedekatan-pendekatan tradisional. Kaedah ini kurang menekankan rujukan kepada analisis gramatikal, latih tubi gramatikal atau kepada teori tatabahasa tertentu. </span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 155px; background: #ffe8ee'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah Nahu Tradisional </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah nahu tradisional ini diajar untuk membolehkan pelajar memahami nahu sesuatu bahasa dan juga melatih pelajar menulis menggunakan bahasa yang betul. Kaedah ini juga, membolehkan pelajar menterjemahkan bahasa asing ke bahasa natif dan sebaliknya. Ia juga bagi melengkapkan pelajar dengan perbendaharan kata yang luas yang dapat digunakan dalam penulisan.</span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 134px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah Terus </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah ini mula diperkenalkan oleh Michell West dan Harald Palmer antara tahun1920-1935. Kaedah ini dikatakan sama dengan kaedah askar kerana pernah digunakan untuk melatih pegawai tentera dan diplomat dalam Perang Dunia Kedua. Kaedah terus mengutamakan prinsip-prinsip mengajar yang berdasarkan psikologi kanak-kanak.</span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 155px; background: #ffe8ee'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah Ajuk Hafaz </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kaedah ini adalah kaedah pengajaran dilakukan secara demonstrasi dan latih tubi. Pengajaran demonstrasi harus berkaitan dengan tatabahasa, pertuturan, perbendaharaan kata melalui guru bahasa atau penutur jati. Tatabahasa diajar secara menghafaz beberapa ayat asas melalui ajukan dan maknanya diberi dalam ungkapan biasa dalam bahasa ibunda.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><div><table border='0' style='border-collapse:collapse'><colgroup><col style='width:106px'/><col style='width:519px'/></colgroup><tbody valign='top'><tr style='height: 68px; background: #ff388c'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Penerangan </strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 171px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Linguistik </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'> Kaedah ini adalah merupakan kaedah mengajar bahasa moden secara saintifik iaitu dengan membandingkan antara dua bahasa. Pengetahuan bahasa murid-murid harus tertumpu kepada bentuk dan fungsi bahasa itu disamping aspek-aspek lain seperti bunyi, susuk ayat, makna, dan lain-lain. Kaedah ini lebih mendahului bentuk daripada makna.</span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 117px; background: #ffe8ee'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kod<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kognitif </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'> Kaedah ini lebih menekankan bentuk dan makna. Seseorang yang ingin mempelajari sesuatu bahasa harus mengetahui sistem bahasa berdasarkan kepada hukum-hukum dan norma-norma tertentu dalam ilmu tatabahasa.</span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 185px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Bahasa<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Komuniti </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'> Pembelajaran bahasa komuniti atau Community Language Learning merupakan cara pembelajaran bahasa yang diasaskan oleh Charles A.Curran bersama dengan rakan-rakannya. La Forge (1983) murid Curran meluaskan teori CLL. Beliau mengesahkan bahawa teori bahasa mestilah bermula daripada ciri-ciri bunyi, ayat dan model-model abstrak bahasa. Seorang pelajar bahasa perlu memahami sistem bunyi, makna yang ditetapkan dan tatabahasa bahasa itu.</span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 154px; background: #ffe8ee'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Kaedah<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Oral-<br /></strong></span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Aural </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'> Kaedah ini diajar adalah bagi tujuan membolehkan pelajar memperkembang keempat-empat kemahiran bahasa iaitu Kemahiran mendengar, Kemahiran bertutur, Kemahiran menulis dan Kemahiran membaca. Kaedah ini merupakan kemahiran lisan asas untuk pembelajaran membaca dan menulis. Ia membolehkan pelajar memahami kebudayaan asing melalui pengalaman dalam bahasa.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='color:red; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>TEKNIK<br /></strong></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Definisi</strong><br /> </span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menurut Kamus Dewan (edisi ketiga), teknik adalah kaedah mencipta sesuatu hasil seni seperti muzik, karang-mengarang dan sebagainya.<br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menurut Edward M. Anthony mendefinisikan teknik adalah satu muslihat atau strategi atau taktik yang digunakan oleh guru yang mencapai hasl segera yang maksimum pada waktu mengajar sesuatu bahagian bahasa tertentu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Mengikut Kamaruddin Hj. Husin & Siti Hajar Hj. Abdul Aziz dalam bukunya Pengajian Melayu III : Komunikasi Bahasa, teknik boleh didefinisikan sebagai pengendalian suatu organisasi yang benar-benar berlaku di dalam bilik darjah di mana ia digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan oleh guru bahasa bagi menyampaikan bahan-bahan pengajaran yang telah dipilih untuk pelajar-pelajarnya. Teknik yang dipilih haruslah sejajar dengan kaedah yang digunakan dan seirama dengan pendekatan yang dianuti.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik-teknik Pengajaran Bahasa</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik main peranan<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik permainan bahasa<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik latih tubi<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik bercerita<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik simulasi<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik drama<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Tujuan Teknik</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menarik minat murid<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Mengekalkan perhatian<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Membangkitkan rasa ingin tahu<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Latih - Tubi</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik latih tubi adalah aktiviti pengulangan fakta-fakta atau kecekapan yang dipelajari.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Tujuannya untuk mencapai taraf penguasaan kemahiran disampimg menjamin kekekalannya.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Ia sesuai digunakan untuk pengajaran Bahasa Melayu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Boleh digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu kemahiran seperti kemahiran menyebut perkataan, ayat-ayat atau mengingat fakta-fakta penting.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui teknik ini murid akan mengalami proses mendengar, melihat, memikirkan maksud perkataan-perkataan serta tugasnya dalam situasi yang penggunaan perkataan-perkataan itu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Berasaskan pengajaran bahasa dengar dan sebut (audiolingual) yang biasanya digunakan dalam pengajaran bahasa kedua.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Simulasi</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Simulasi ditakrifkan sebagai satu situasi yang diwujudkan hampir menyerupai keadaan sebenar yang memerlukan pelajar berinteraksi sesama sendiri berdasarkan peranan masing-masing bagi membuat keputusan menyelesaikan masalah, isu atau tugasan semula.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui teknik ini murid-murid dapat menggunakan kemahiran belajar seperti mengumpulkan maklumat, menjalankan temuramah dengan individu tertentu dan mencatat isi-isi penting.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dalam proses ini murid digalakkan untuk memberi pendapat, cadangan, membuat keputusan dan menyelesaikan masalah berdasarkan peranan yang dipertanggungjawabkan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Memberi peluang kepada murid mengalami sendiri situasi dan masalah.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Melalui teknik ini pelbagai kemahiran dapat digabungjalinkan dan dipertingkatkan terutamanya dalam kemahiran lisan membaca dan menulis.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dapat mewujudkan pelbagai aktiviti menarik yang menjadi sumber motivasi kepada murid untuk meneruskan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Main Peranan</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Main peranan bermaksud melakonkan sesuatu situasi atau masalah atau peristiwa yang dianggap penting.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Murid diberi peranan dan bertindak sebagai watak-watak yang ditentukan dalam satu situasi yang disediakan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Main peranan ialah dramatisasi yang tiada kaitan atau penghafalan skrip, dimana pelakon-pelakon cuba menyelesaikan atau menjelaskan situasi kepada kepada murid-murid lain supaya mempraktikkan kepada diri mereka berdasarkan peranan yang dimainkan secara spontan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Proses ini biasanya dimulakan dengan pemikiran masalah yang sesuai. Masalah ini dikemukakan kepada murid dengan cara membacakannya atau memperlihatkannya melalui filem, televisyen, mendengar rakaman dan sebagainya.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Sumbangsaran</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Teknik ini dikenali juga sebagai percambahan fikiran (brainstorming) yang merupakan satu sesi perbincangan yang membolehkan setiap ahli kumpulan menyumbangkan pendapat dan idea.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Boleh diaplikasikan sebagai aktiviti permainan bahasa pada peringkat sekolah rendah dan berkembang menjadi aktiviti perbincangan yang lebh serius dan kompleks pada peringkat sekolah menengah, universiti dan latihan profesional.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Menekankan pengeluaran idea daripada pembelajaran yang kretif dan bukan pembelajaran secara analitis.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Permainan Bahasa</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Permainan bahasa adalah salah satu cara dalam mempelajari bahasa melalui teknik permainan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penglibatan dalam permainan telah memberi peluang kepada murid memperolehi latihan intensif, pembelajaran bermakna dan sebagai alat dianogstik.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kebanyakan aktiviti yang dijalankan akan menggunakan pelbagai kemahiran berbahasa pelajar antaranya kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Permainan bahasa mempunyai hala tuju yang bertepatan dengan kemahuan dalam sistem pendidikan negara amnya dan Falsafah Pendidikan Negara khususnya. <br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Bercerita</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang sesuai digunakan untuk membina kecekapan berbahasa kerana cerita merupakan sesuatu yang dapat menarik minat dan perhatian pelajar.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Latihan pemahaman, perluasan perbendaharaan kata dan tatabahasa dapat disampaikan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dapat meningkatkan penguasaan kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis di kalangan pelajar.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Perkembangan cerita hendaklah diberi perhatian agar ada peringkat permulaan, kemuncak dan kesudahan cerita. Perhatian perlu diberi kepada teknik persembahan, suara, gerak laku dan kawalan mata.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Suara memainkan peranan yang penting di mana ia harus di kawal supaya jangan mendatar dan tidak menimbulkan kebosanan.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Teknik Drama</strong><br /> </span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Sering digunakan dalam kaedah komunikatif dan kaedah yang berasaskan pendekatan induktif iaitu kaedah terus, elektif dan audiolingual.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Tujuan utama adalah untuk melatih murid menggunakan unsur bahasa, unsur paralinguistik (jeda, nada dan intonasi) dan bukan linguistik (mimik muka, gerak tangan, kepala dan dll) dengan berkesan dalam sesuatu interaksi bahasa atau perbuatan.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Penggunaannya dapat mendorong dan merangsang murid untuk menghubungkan perasaannya dengan matapelajaran yang dipelajarinya.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Murid bebas meluahkan sesuatu, membuat penemuan, memberi dan berkongsi sesuatu.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Drama berperanan sebagai ragam pembelajaran iaitu sebagai salah satu alat bantu pengajaran dan pembelajaran.<br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Dapat menimbulkan keseronokan dan keberkesanan pembelajaran kepada murid, disamping dapat menyuburkan sahsiah murid.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: center; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>BANDING BEZA CIRI-CIRI STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK<br /></strong></span></p><div><table border='0' style='border-collapse:collapse'><colgroup><col style='width:186px'/><col style='width:157px'/><col style='width:155px'/><col style='width:150px'/></colgroup><tbody valign='top'><tr style='height: 50px; background: #ff388c'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>STRATEGI </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>PENDEKATAN </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>KAEDAH </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>TEKNIK </strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 214px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Berdasarkan pertimbangan terhadap teori pembelajaran, pendekatan kaedah dan teknik mengajar </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Bercorak abstrak </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong>Bersifat konkrit </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Lebih khusus atau spesifik </strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 214px; background: #ffe8ee'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Rancangan yang teratur untuk mencapai matlamat atau kejayaan </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Satu pandangan, pendirian, pegangan atau falsafah bagi melihat, memahami dan mendekati sesuatu perkara </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Cara mengajar yang disusun dan dilaksanakan untuk mengajar kemahiran bahasa </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Wujud dalam bentuk aktiviti, strategi atau taktik dan bahan atau alat yang berkaitan </strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height: 243px; background: #ffcedb'><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Strategi penggabungjajalinan kemahiran <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -strategi <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> penyerapan nilai-nilai murini dalam pengajaran </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> Pendekatan empirisis <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -pendekatan rasiomalis (mentalis <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -pendekatan komunikatif </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah tubi <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah terus <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah dengar dan sebut <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah bersiri <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah terjemahan <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -kaedah tentera </strong></span></p></td><td style='padding-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 10px; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt'><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik kloz <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik bacaan nyaring <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik bercerita <br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik drama<br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik korus<br /></strong></span></p><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><strong> -teknik dialog </strong></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style='margin-left: 35pt'><br /> </p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>PENUTUP<br /></span></p><ul><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kebolehan murid melibatkan diri dalam situasi pengajaran dan pembelajaran bermakna di dalam bilik darjah merupakan kehendak standard untuk setiap warganegara yang bertanggungjawab dalam masyarakat moden dan demokratik. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Kita harus melahirkan murid sebagai pemikir berkesan dan ini merupakan matlamat penting dalam dunia pendidikan. <br /></span></div></li><li><div style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Jika kita inginkan murid bertidak secara efektif dalam setiap aktiviti yang dianjurkan, maka kita perlu menyesuaikan pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik yang digunakan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.<br /></span></div></li></ul><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'>Bibliografi<br /></span></p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><span style='text-decoration:underline'>http://www.slideshare.net/artventure/bme-3102-konsep-strategi-pendekatan-kaedah-kump-syafiq-presentation</span><br /> </span></p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><span style='text-decoration:underline'>http://www.tutor.com.my/tutor/archives/CADfPP/HSP/UPSR/BM/</span><br /> </span></p><p style='text-align: justify'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><span style='text-decoration:underline'>http://www.scribd.com/doc/49253307/Kaedah-Pengajaran-Bahasa-Melayu</span><br /> </span></p><p style='text-align: justify; margin-left: 35pt'><span style='font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt'><br /> </span> </p></span>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-51422543807124243562011-08-15T06:13:00.000-07:002011-08-15T06:13:25.750-07:00PENGAPLIKASIAN PELBAGAI TEKNIK PENGAJARAN BAHASA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH<br />
BMM 3117</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DEFINISI TEKNIK DRAMA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sir John Pollock (1958)<br />
- satu pertunjukan yang berlaku penyatuan antara lakonan dan pengucapan atau persembahan gerak laku, serta melakonkan atau meniru watak-watak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Drama harus mengandungi persoalan, tindakan, perkembangan, dan klimaks serta kesimpulan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sering digunakan dalam kaedah komunikatif dan kaedah yang berasaskan pendekatan induktif iaitu kaedah terus, elektif dan audiolingual. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan utama adalah untuk melatih pelajar menggunakan unsur bahasa, unsur paralinguistik (jeda, nada dan intonasi) dan bukan linguistik (mimik muka,gerak tangan, kepala dan dll) dengan berkesan dalam sesuatu interaksi bahasa atau perbuatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaannya dapat mendorong dan merangsang pelajar untuk menghubungkan perasaannya dengan matapelajaran yang dipelajarinya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pelajar bebas meluahkan sesuatu, membuat penemuan, memberi dan berkongsi sesuatu. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Drama berperanan sebagai ragam pembelajaran iaitu sebagai salah satu alat bantu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dapat menimbulkan keseronokan dan keberkesanan pembelajaran kepada pelajar, disamping dapat menyuburkan sahsiah pelajar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MIMOS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lakonan yang mengutamakan gerak laku seluruh anggota dan ekspresi muka bagi menyampaikan idea, cerita, perasaan dan emosi pelakon tanpa dialog</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penonton membuat laporan tentang apa yang dilihatnya dengan menggunakan perkataan yang tepat, ayat yang betul dan idea yang tersusun selepas aktiviti.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahan untuk aktiviti :<br />
-Kisah pendek, bahagian –bahagian cerita petikan puisi, cerita panjang yang lengkap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aktivti Mimos <br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
i.Individu <br />
<br />
Guru menyediakan beberapa situasi untuk dilakonkan oleh pelajar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
a) Anda sedang membaca surat khabar semasa angin bertiup kencang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.6pt; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
b) Anda sedang menonton satu perlawanan tinju, bola sepak atau silat. <br />
<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ii. Berpasangan <br />
<br />
Guru memilih dua orang pelajar untuk beraksi. Seorang menjadi pelaku (aksi spontan) dan seorang menjadi bayang dalam cermin (mengikut aksi pelakon)<br />
<br />
a) Seorang doktor sedang merawat pesakit.<br />
b) Anda sedang memujuk seorang rakan yang sedang merajuk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ARCA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kamus dewan edisi keempat :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Patung yang menyerupai seseorang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bayang yang terlihat di dalam cermin atau melalui kanta kamera.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bayang-bayang yang terlihat ketika seseorang itu berkhayal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambaran dalam fikiran atau pertalian fikiran yang dihasilkan dalam karya sastera.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IMPROVisASI(pengubahsuaian)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lakonan secara spontan dalam kumpulan kecil yang mengisahkan kejadian , keadaan atau situasi dalam kehidupan seharian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui teknik improvisasi kanak-kanak diransang untuk berinteraksi secara spontan berdasarkan simulasi yang diwujudkan oleh guru. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kanak-kanak juga digalakkan membina dialog sendiri serta mencipta situasi dengan ransangan yang disediakan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui improvisasi juga, daya imaginasi dan kreativiti kanak-kanak dicerna secara maksimum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Som Hj. Nor (1994) improvisasi membawa maksud bertindak balas secara spontan terhadap situasi yang tidak dijangka.Improvisasi boleh dijalankan berdasarkan situasi, benda/alat, watak, petunjuk dan, biografi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aktiviti Improvisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Improvisasi berdasarkan petunjuk lebih sesuai untuk pelajar yang lebih dewasa. Daripada petunjuk-petunjuk yang diberikan, pelajar dikehendaki mengimprovisasikan watak yang diwujudkan daripada topi, rotan, televisyen, beg, buku dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Improvisasi berdasarkan biografi ini juga sesuai untuk pelajar yang lebih dewasa. Biografi seorang watak terkenal seperti Mahatma Gandhi mungkin dipilih. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah berbincang satu babak dalam kehidupan watak itu mungkin diimprovisasikan. Improvisasi boleh dijalankan secara berpasangan, tiga orang atau lebih.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Improvisasi berdasarkan situasi bermaksud satu situasi diberikan kepada pelajar secara individu, pasangan atau kumpulan. Pelajar-pelajar ini diminta melakonkan situasi yang diberi secara spontan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Improvisasi berdasarkan benda/alat pula bermakna dengan menggunakan benda atau alat-alat yang ada, pelajar diminta mengimprovisasikan satu misteri dengan alat tersebut atau sekiranya pakaian digunakan pelajar dikehendaki mereka lakonkan watak yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian yang digunakan di sini bukan untuk dipakai tetapi adalah untuk merangsang pelajar menjadi lebih imaginatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Main Peranan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid melakonkan satu watak daripada satu suasana yang dipetik daripada peristiwa, novel,cerita atau situasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid menghayati dan berlagak seperti watak dengan menggunakan laras bahasa yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Main peranan ialah dramatisasi yang tiada kaitan atau penghafalan skrip, dimana pelakon-pelakon cuba menyelesaikan atau menjelaskan situasi kepada kepada pelajar-pelajar lain supaya mempraktikan kepada diri mereka berdasarkan peranan yang dimainkan secara spontan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses ini biasanya dimulakan dengan pemikiran masalah yang sesuai. Masalah ini dikemukakan kepada pelajar dengan cara membacakannya atau memperlihatkannya melalui filem, televisyen, mendengar rakaman dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aktiviti Main Peranan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh situasi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
a) Situasi menziarahi orang sakit<br />
b) Situasi di pejabat sekolah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SIMULASI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mempunyai elemen-elemen dunia sebenar dan dapat dibentuk serta dipersembahkan di dalam bilik darjah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Situasi dilakonkan berdasarkan pemerhatian, pengalaman, dan pembacaan yang dilakukan murid. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam proses ini pelajar digalakan untuk memberi pendapat, cadangan, membuat keputusan dan menyelesaikan masalah berdasarkan peranan yang dipertanggungjawabkan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memberi peluang kepada pelajar mengalami sendiri situasi dan masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aktiviti Simulasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh aktiviti :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
a) Memandu kapal terbang<br />
b) Menerima rawatan di wad kecemasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TEATER BERCERITA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik drama bercorak cerita yang dilakonkan secara spontan hasil gabungan antara pencerita dengan pelakon.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pelakon boleh membina dialog sendiri untuk menjadi cerita lebih menarik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Apabila pencerita menyebut nama watak dalam cerita, boleh keluar ke ruang lakon secara spontan sambil melakonkan aksi yang disebut oleh pencerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik ini sesuai untuk genre drama, cerpen, novel, dan prosa klasik.<br />
<br />
<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PENTOMIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pentomin adalah drama yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk gerakan tubuh atau bahasa isyarat tanpa pembicaraan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lakonan situasi tanpa dialog, skripnya akan dibaca oleh murid lain yang mengiringi lakonan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memberi peluang kepada murid untuk berlakon tanpa memikirkan masalah untuk menghafal dialog.<br />
<br />
Contoh aktiviti :<br />
-Peristiwa malam kemerdekaan negara <br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MESTAMU</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid melagukan sajak atau puisi tanpa muzik. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gunakan melodi lagu yang diminati /popular dan gantikan lirik lagu dengan sajak atau puisi yang dipelajari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Murid lebih mudah mengingati sajak/puisi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik ini sesuai untuk puisi seperti sajak, pantun, syair, gurindam dan seloka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DIKON</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seorang murid mendeklamasikan sajak atau puisi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seorang atau beberapa orang murid melakonkan aksi yang sesuai dengan maksud sajak/puisi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik ini sesuai untuk sajak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TEKNIK PERMAINAN BAHASA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan bahasa adalah salah satu cara dalam mempelajari bahasa melalui teknik permainan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penglibatan dalam permainan telah memberi peluang kepada pelajar memperolehi latihan intensif, pembelajaran bermakna dan sebagai alat dianogstik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kebanyakan aktiviti yang dijalankan akan menggunakan pelbagai kemahiran berbahasa pelajar antaranya kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis.<b><br />
<br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kepentingan Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bermain untuk Perkembangan Fizikal. - Kanak-kanak berasa seronok dan gembira sewaktu aktif menggunakan bahagian-bahagian anggota badan mereka </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bermain untuk Perkembangan Sosial dan Emosi -Dalam kehidupan sosial kanak-kanak, bermain adalah pencetus kepada pembentukan perkembangan serta kemahiran sosial dan emosi kanak-kanak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bermain untuk Perkembangan Kognitif</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Prinsip-prinsip Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ada kaitan dengan objektif pembelajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sesuai dengan umur dan kebolehan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Arahan permainan jelas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maklum balas sesuatu perkara perlu diberi serta-merta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tempoh permainan hendaklah relevan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menekankan nilai murni</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelemahan Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bosan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Suasana tegang boleh berlaku</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat-alat permainan memerlukan wang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masa yang panjang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kawalan guru yang lemah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Langkah Pelaksanaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelum:<br />
• Menentukan jenis permainan<br />
• Cara permainan ( individu, pasangan, kumpulan )<br />
• Syarat permainan masa, bahan, peraturan, petugas.<br />
<br />
Semasa:<br />
Peringkat awal, induksi set.<br />
Peringkat pertengahan langkah pengajaran.<br />
Peringkat akhir kemahiran pengukuhan<br />
<br />
Selepas:<br />
<br />
Menentukan semua bahan disimpan semula.<br />
Perbincangan guru-pelajar.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membentuk Perkataan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<br />
Objektif: Supaya pelajar mahir membentuk perkataan daripada huruf-huruf yang<br />
diberi.<br />
Bahan: Kad yang mengandungi huruf tertentu.<br />
Cara bermain: Berkumpulan<br />
<br />
Langkah:<br />
1. Setiap kumpulan pelajar diberi senarai perkataan yang tidak betul susunan ejaannya.<br />
2. Mereka dikehendaki menyusun huruf-huruf yang diberi supaya membentuk<br />
perkataan yang betul ejaannya.<br />
3. Peruntukan masa tertentu untuk setiap soalan yang diberi.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nota:<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Cara yang sama juga boleh digunakan untuk permainan membentuk ayat. Dalam<br />
permainan ini anda perlu menyediakan kad-kad yang mengandungi perkataan untuk<br />
disusun membentuk ayat yang betul. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Untuk meningkatkan tahap pencapaian pelajar, anda boleh memperuntukkan masa<br />
yang singkat dalam satu-satu soalan. Keadaan ini juga boleh menambahkan lagi<br />
tarikan dan keseronokan pelajar.<br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permainan Teka Lakonan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<br />
Objektif: Melatih pelajar-pelajar berfikir dan berimiginasi dengan baik<br />
Bahan: Kertas arahan (sampul)<br />
Cara bermain: Kelas/berkumpulan<br />
Langkah:<br />
1. Pelajar duduk di tempat masing-masing.<br />
2. Anda perlu membuat satu lakonan.<br />
3. Pelajar diminta meneka apa yang dilakonkan oleh anda.<br />
4. Kemudian anda perlu memilih seorang pelajar membuat lakonan berdasarkan<br />
arahan dalam sampul yang dipilih.<br />
5. Pelajar lain diminta meneka lakonan tersebut.<br />
6. Seterusnya anda boleh melakukannya berdasarkan perlawanan kumpulan.<br />
Kumpulan lawan akan meneka lakonan wakil kumpulan lain.<br />
7. Penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan ketepatan meneka. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TEKNIK LATIH TUBI</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik Latih Tubi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik latih tubi adalah aktiviti pengulangan fakta-fakta atau kecekapan yang dipelajari. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuannya untuk mencapai taraf penguasaan kemahiran disampimg menjamin kekekalannya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ia sesuai digunakan untuk pengajaran Bahasa Kedua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Boleh digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu kemahiran seperti kemahiran melukis , menyebut perkataan, ayat-ayat atau mengingat fakta-fakta penting.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui teknik ini pelajar akan mengalami proses mendengar, melihat, memikirkan maksud perkataan-perkataan serta fungsinya dalam situasi melalui penggunaan perkataan-perkataan itu. Contoh, perkataan ‘perang’.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berasaskan pengajaran bahasa dengar dan sebut (audiolingual) yang biasanya digunakan dalam pengajaran bahasa kedua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik ini dikenali juga dengan teknik menghafaz. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 20.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengikut teknik ini, perhatian akan diberikan kepada 5 aspek kebolehan menggunakan bahasa iaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1) Sebutan (accent)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Menyebut patah-patah perkataan atau sukukata dengan betul termasuk intonasi yang membawa makna dalam sesuatu situasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2)Tatabahasa (grammar)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Penggunaan bahasa yang tepat mengikut hukum-hukum bahasa daripada semua aspek. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3)Perbendaharaan kata (vocabulary)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Meluaskannya dengan penggunaan imbuhan yang sesuai mengikut konteksnya dalam situasi tertentu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4) Kefasihan (fluency)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Menggunakan perkataan ,ayat dan frasa dengan cara spontan tanpa memikirkan apakah maksudnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5) Kefahaman (comprehension)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Latihan memahami soalan dan memberikan jawapan yang wajar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">- Latihan latih tubi merupakan kaedah instruksional yang berkesan sekiranya guru dapat menggunakannya dengan betul dan sesuai dengan perancangan pengajaran mereka, iaitu:-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> -Latih tubi diberikan dalam masa singkat iaitu di antara 10 hingga 15 minit sahaja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Jumlah dan jenis latih tubi itu hendaklah bersesuaian dengan peruntukan masa dan tahap kebolehan pelajar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Galakkan pelajar-pelajar merekodkan kemajuan yang diperoleh melalui setiap aktiviti dalam latih tubi itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Galakkan penggunaan latih tubi yang berbentuk permainan atau menguji kecekapan supaya menarik minat dan tidak membosankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Pastikan pelajar faham mengapa mereka perlu menguasai sesuatu konsep atau kemahiran dan ianya dapat dipermudahkan melalui latih tubi yang diberikan oleh guru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Mengelakkan latih tubi yang berbentuk:-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Membosankan dan kurang menarik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Terlalu lama dan banyak fakta yang terkandung di dalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Sesuatu yang mendatangkan kesan negatif kepada pelajar seperti merasa tertekan, tidak selesa atau kurang berminat mengikuti latihan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antara kelemahan teknik ini ialah ia menghadkan kebebasan berfikir dan menumpukan daya kreativiti murid. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Namun begitu, teknik ini amat berguna dan sesuai untuk isi kandungan pengajaran yang memerlukan ikutan dan ulangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru harus ingat bahawa teknik yang hendak digunakan itu harus ada dalam penguasaan mereka, jika tidak, pengajaran yang hendak disampaikan itu akan menjadi tidak berkesan dan membosankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TEKNIK BERCERITA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DEFINISI BERCERITA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Kamus Dewan,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">cerita<i> </i>ialah jalinan dan susunan mengenai kejadian atau hal-hal yang berlaku sama ada betul-betul berlaku atau yang diada-adakan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bercerita pula merupakan perbuatan yang mengesahkan sesuatu cerita atau rangkaian sesuatu peristiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TEKNIK BERCERITA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik bercerita untuk menyampaikan pelajaran merupakan teknik yang telah lama digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik ini mudah menarik minat kanak-kanak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keadaan yang sama juga boleh dilakukan semasa guru menyampaikan pelajaran kepada murid-murid mereka. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya murid-murid akan lebih cepat menumpukan perhatian di samping menjadikan pembelajaran dalam keadaan menyeronokkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang sesuai digunakan untuk membina kecekapan berbahasa kerana cerita merupakan sesuatu yang dapat menarik minat dan perhatian pelajar. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latihan pemahaman, perluasan perbendaharaan kata dan tatabahasa dapat disampaikan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dapat meningkatkan penguasaan kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis dikalangan pelajar. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perkembangan cerita hendaklah diberi perhatian agar ada peringkat permulaan, kemuncak dan kesudahan cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perhatian perlu diberi kepada teknik persembahan, suara, gerak laku dan kawalan mata. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Suara memainkan peranan yang penting iaitu suara harus dikawal supaya jangan mendatar dan tidak menimbulkan kebosanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TUJUAN BERCERITA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memotivasikan serta menimbulkan minat murid untuk belajar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melatih murid menguasai kemahiran mendengar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memupuk nilai murni yang terkandung dalam cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mewujudkan suasana pembelajaran yang seronok dan gembira.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memperkaya pengalaman murid melalui perkaitan cerita dengan kehidupan mereka.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menambahkan bahan-bahan untuk murid menulis karangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LANGKAH-LANGKAH DALAM PERSEDIAAN TEKNIK BERCERITA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pilih cerita yang sesuai dengan umur, kecerdasan dan minat murid-murid. Kemudian sesuaikan dengan isi pelajaran yang hendak disampaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kaji cerita itu dan cuba masukkan aspek-aspek bahasa yang hendak disampaikan itu ke dalam cerita tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hafazkan frasa-frasa, atau ayat-ayat yang penting atau lain-lain aspek bahasa yang hendak disampaikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latih bercerita seolah-olah guru berada di hadapan murid-murid sekurang-kurangnya sekali sebelum menggunakan teknik ini.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru bercerita dalam keadaan yang selesa dan berikan penekanan kepada aspek-aspek bahasa yang hendak diajarkan itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru boleh menggunakan gambar, objek-objek sebenar atau lain-lain alat bantu mengajar. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sediakan kad-kad perkataan, frasa-frasa atau ayat-ayat dan lain-lain yang berkaitan dengan aspek-aspek bahasa yang hendak disampaikan untuk pengajaran seterusnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PERANCANGAN DAN PENGURUSAN SESI BERCERITA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelum bercerita :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pilih cerita yang sesuai dengan topic pelajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru penting menguasai bahagian-bahagian penting cerita secara berulang-ulang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sedia alat bantu mengajar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semasa bercerita :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gunakan set induksi yang menarik ketika memulakan cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gunakan nada suara dan gaya yang sesuai agar suasana satu peristiwa dapat dirasakan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pastikan setiap murid memberi perhatian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terapkan nilai-nilai murni dalam cerita yang disampaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Selepas bercerita :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji kefahaman murid secara lisan atau tulisan tentang cerita yang disampaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Adakan perbincangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-41135814016358552892011-08-15T02:10:00.000-07:002011-08-15T02:39:46.566-07:00PENGAPLIKASIAN PENDEKATAN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; text-align: center;"><b><br />
</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">PENDEKATAN PENGAJARAN BAHASA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">INDUKTIF<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Perdekatan induktif bermula daripada spesifik kepada umum iaitu dimulakan dengan sesuatu sebab atau contoh dan menuju ke arah sesuatu generalisasi (J.M Kierzek & W. Gibson, 1960). Hal ini bermaksud seseorang guru boleh membantu pelajar menguasai konsep atau generalisasi berasaskan pemerhatian atau contoh-contoh yang diperoleh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">B. Seaton, 1982 : pembelajaran melalui induktif sepertimana pelajar mengalami satu proses mental yang mana ia memerhati peristiwa tertentu untuk memperoleh satu generalisasi. Pendekatan ini menggunakan kaedah penemuan yang melibatkan proses memerhati, mengkaji dan menganalisis sesuatu aspek sebelum membuat generalisasi. Cara induktif merupakan kaedah di mana guru memulakan pengajarannya dengan memberikan beberapa contoh yang khusus dan membuat kesimpulan untuk membentuk konsep.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip pengajaran secara induktif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Contoh haruslah relevan dan sesuai untuk menerangkan sesuatu. Tambahan pula, contoh dipelbagaikan supaya generalisasi dapat dicapai dengan mudah. Dalam proses membentuk generalisasi, guru menggalakkan pelajar untuk mengemukakan contoh.<b> </b>Guru hendaklah membimbing pelajar untuk membuat kesimpulan. Berdasarkan contoh yang dikemukakan, guru bersama pelajar membentuk kesimpulan umum.<b> </b>Guru memberikan peluang kepada pelajar untuk memerhati dan menganalisis contoh agar generalisasi dapat dibuat.<b> </b>Guru merancang aktiviti pengajaran yang berkisar daripada contoh khusus kepda satu generalisasi atau kesimpulan umum. Langkah sedemikian akan memudahkan pelajar menguasai peraturan-peraturan umum yang dapat diperoleh daripada fakta atau contoh khusus.<b> </b>Pengajaran secara induktif menekankan pengajaran yang berbentuk konkrit.<b> </b>Secara umumnya, jenis pendekatan induktif digunakan bergantung pada hasil pembelajaran yang diinginkan.<b> </b>Contohnya jika guru inginkan pelajar memahami proses bagaimana sesuatu konsep atau generalisasi diperoleh, maka pendekatan induktif amat sesuai digunakan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">DEDUKTIF<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan deduktif merupakan jenis pengajaran yang bermula daripada umum kepada spesifik dan pendekatan ini merujuk kepada satu pembelajaran di mana pelajar bermula dengan hukum yang umum dan digunakan dalam kes-kes tertentu (Brian Seaton, 1982). Pendekatan mengajar secara deduktif mengasaskan pengajaran dan pembelajaran murid kepada hukum-hukum tertentu. Pendekatan ini bermula dengan melihat hukum-hukum atau mempelajari peraturan tertentu dan dari sini pembelajaran akan diteruskan dengan menganalisis hukum-hukum melalui contoh atau mengaplikasikan peraturan yang diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Secara ringkasnya, seorang guru akan mengemukakan satu konsep/hukum/ generalisasi dengan menerangkan definisi sebelum memberikan beberapa contoh untuk memperjelas kefahaman. Pendekatan menggunakan deduktif dicirikan dengan pelajar mempelajari sesuatu berdasarkan sesuatu hukum. Pelajar perlu menaakul untuk mendapatkan fakta/contoh tertentu daripada peraturan umum. Dalam proses penaakulan, pelajar mengumpulkan fakta untuk membuktikan satu pernyataan umum itu benar atau tidak. Proses penganalisasi fakta yang dikumpulkan berlaku sebelum membentuk generalisasi. Pada peringkat proses deduktif, pelajar bersama guru akan membuat kesimpulan tentang fakta daripada yang umum kepada spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Prinsip penggunaan pengajaran deduktif <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"> Sesuatu masalah diperkenalkan dan ditakrifkan. Guru dan pelajar mengemukakan cara penyelesaian masalah. Dalam konteks ini, generalisasi yang dikemukakan harus dinyatakan secara eksplisit. Penyelesaian masalah mengikut langkah demi langkah. Beberapa contoh digunakan untuk menerangkan generalisasi atau peraturan. Berdasarkan contoh yang digunakan, pelajar meniru atau menghafal contoh dan membentuk contoh lain melalui latihan. <b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan dibuat berdasarkan bukti yang ada setelah memahami konsep serta contoh yang diberikan. </span>Pelbagai aktiviti dijalankan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman pelajar terhadap isi pelajaran yang disampaikan. Latihan menulis untuk mengesan kebolehan pelajar menguasai kemahiran. Pemahaman generalisasi atau peraturan dinilai dengan menggunakannya dalam situasi-situasi baru yang mempunyai masalah hampir serupa. Secara ringkas, pendekatan deduktif digunakan jika keutamaan pelajaran tertumpu kepada pemahaman konsep sahaja bukannya proses memperoleh konsep.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">EKLEKTIK<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan ini menggunakan dua atau lebih kaedah yang menggabungkan segala ciri yang baik daripada pendekatan tersebut dan menggunakannya dalam satu-satu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Pendekatan ini sesuai untuk kelas yang mempunyai pelajar pelbagai kebolehan. Pendekatan eklektik boleh dihasilkan dengan menggunakan induktif dan deduktif. Strategi pengajaran menggunakan pendekatan eklektik boleh dilakukan dengan dua cara iaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">KOMUNIKATIF<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></b><br />
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"> Pengajaran bahasa komunikatif merupakan suatu pendekatan dalam pengajaran bahasa kedua yang menekankan interaksi baik. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Nunan (1991:279) men</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">yatakan</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> 5</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">ciri khas utama Pembelajaran Bahasa Komunikatif, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">aitu :</span><br />
<br />
<ul><li>Penekanan pada pembelajaran untuk berkomunikasi melalui interaksi dalam bahasa sasaran</li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan teks </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">asli</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> dalam situasi pembelajaran</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Pemberian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">peluang</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> bagi pelajar untuk fokus bukan saja pada bahasa tetapi juga pada proses belajar itu sendiri</span></li>
<li>Peningkatan pengalaman pribadi pelajar sendiri sebagai unsur yang memberikan sumbangan terhadap hasil belajar di kelas</li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Keu</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">paya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">an</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> menghubungkan pembelajaran bahasa di kelas dengan pengaktifan bahasa di luar kelas.</span></li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">rinsip-prinsip yang dapat dipertimbangkan dalam kegiatan pengajaran bahasa di kelas, antara lain :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li>Kegiatan yang melibatkan komunikasi nyata mendorong hasil belajar</li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan yang di dalamnya adalah penggunaan bahasa untuk melakukan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">tugas-tugas yang bermakna meningkatkan hasil belajar</span></li>
<li>Bahasa yang bermakna bagi pelajar mendukung proses pembelajaran (prinsip kebermaknaan)</li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan bahasa yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">asli</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> menentukan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">pencapaian </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">terhadap keberhasilan pembelajaran bahasa kedua/asing</span></li>
<li>Penggunaan kerja pasangan atau kerja kelompok dalam situasi komunikatif interaktif</li>
<li>Eksplorasi berdasarkan task-based exploration, negosiasi dan pemecahan masalah</li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA</span></b></div><br />
<ul style="line-height: 150%;"><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Berpusatkan pelajar</span></li>
<li>Berpusatkan bahan/sumber</li>
<li>Pembelajaran berasaskan projek/aktiviti</li>
<li>Pembelajaran berasaskan masalah</li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BERPUSATKAN PELAJAR</span></b><br />
<br />
Pembelajaran berpusatkan pelajar bermaksud pelajar mengambil alih sedikit tanggungjawab untuk apa-apa yang diajar dan bagaimana ia dipelajari. Ada sedikit kecenderungan terhadap pembelajaran eksperiential dan membuat penemuan untuk mereka. Pembelajaran secara aktif berpusatkan pelajar dan meningkatkan penglibatan pelajar (Orlich <i>et al</i>, 2007). Pengajaran di mana tumpuan diberikan kepada pelajar dalam melaksanakan aktiviti pengajaran. Pelajar memiliki kebebasan untuk melakukan aktiviti bersama guru dan proses pembelajaran berbentuk penerokaan idea-idea dan konsep-konsep baru. Strategi berpusatkan pelajar dapat menggalakkan pelajar bertanggungjawab dan melibatkan diri bagi membantu mereka memahami bagaimana untuk belajar. Kaedah ini boleh dilakukan dengan mewujudkan iklim bilik darjah yang dapat memperkembangkan kreativiti pelajar. Pelajar menyertai aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran secara aktif. Komunikasi berbentuk dua hala serta berlakunya soal jawab antara guru dengan pelajar. Pendekatan ini sesuai digunakan apabila maklumat tidak disampaikan secara berkesan berbanding dengan strategi berpusatkan guru dan matlamatnya adalah untuk memperkembangkan kemahiran pemikiran kreatif secara kritis. Pengajaran di dalam bilik darjah yang berpusatkan pelajar selalunya kurang ekspilisit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Walaupun strategi berpusatkan pelajar kurang ekspilisit, guru tidak membiarkan pelajar untuk melakukan aktiviti tanpa pemantauan. Guru bertindak sebagai fasilitator dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pelajar. Guru juga bertindak secara autoritatif dengan mengagihkan sedikit kuasanya kepada pelajar. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa strategi berpusatkan pelajar mempunyai kelebihan untuk memperkembangkan kebolehan pelajar dan mengaplikasikan konsep sikap yang positif, mewujudkan motivasi serta memperkembangkan peribadi dalam menggalakkan kemahiran sosial kumpulan. Bilik darjah yang berpusatkan pelajar juga menunjukkan perkembangan kognitif di peringkat yang tinggi dalam kalangan pelajar. Pembelajaran menekankan kepada pembelajaran kendiri, arahan kendiri dan inkuiri-penemuan. Contoh strategi pemusatan pelajar ialah induktif, lakonan, permainan, main peranan, simulasi, perbincangan, koperatif, sumbang saran dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">BERPUSATKAN BAHAN/SUMBER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Strategi berpusatkan bahan bermaksud guru menggunakan banyak bahan seperti buku, blok binaan, bahan lukisan, peralatan saintifik, komputer, pusat sumber, pusat akses kendiri dll untuk menjalankan pengajarannya. Strategi berpusatkan bahan meliputi cara yang luas bagi pelajar yang dibimbing oleh guru hingga yang belajar secara individu dapat belajar. Penekanan diberikan kepada penggunaan bahan-bahan untuk meningkatkan P&P. Penggunaan bahan-bahan harus berasaskan kepada beberapa faktor seperti objektif pengajaran, keperluan pelajar, strategi pengajaran dan kebolehan pelajar. Kepelbagaian media akan meningkatkan proses P&P serta meningkatkan pemikiran kritikal dan kemahiran mental. Bentuk penyampaian juga akan dipelbagaikan. Komputer di dalam bilik darjah boleh digunakan untuk latihan,latih tubi dan permainan pendidikan. Contohnya dalam pengajaran Matematik, Bahasa dan pengajaran interaktif melalui CD-ROM (<i>compact disk</i>). Penggunaan internet juga membolehkan pelajar memfokus kepada isu-isu global. Penggunaan slaid dan transparensi turut membantu pelajar memahami sesuatu dengan lebih mudah, cepat serta tepat penanggapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Hal ini membolehkan pembelajaran lebih bermakna dan menyeronokkan. Gambar, peta dan carta dapat membantu pelajar memahami dengan lebih jelas. Gambar yang besar dan berwarna-warni dapat menarik minat serta meningkatkan penumpuan pelajar dalam pelajaran. Carta pula memudahkan pemahaman pelajar dari segi mudah diingati seperti carta pai, histogram dan graf. Pembelajaran berpusatkan bahan penting bagi membantu guru memenuhi keperluan pelajar yang pelbagai. Pembelajaran ini dapat menunjukkan cara untuk belajar mengikut kadar sendiri pada bila-bila masa dan di lokasi yang tidak menyulitkan mereka. Selain itu, ia juga dapat membantu pelajar yang tidak hadir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN PROJEK/ AKTIVITI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Guru melibatkan pelajar dalam aktiviti atau projek yang memberikan peluang kepada pelajar untuk melatih atau mengaplikasi apa-apa yang dipelajari (dan dalam proses memberikan bimbingan, strategi mempermudah tugasan atau bantuan/ <i>scaffolding </i>yang membolehkan mereka menyempurnakan aktiviti dengan jayanya).<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Kriteria dalam pemilihan atau membentuk aktiviti :</span></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Aktiviti yang dipilih harus berfokus kepada matlamat utama topik yang ingin diajar. Guru perlu memberikan perhatian kepada jenis aktiviti yang boleh menuju pencapaian matlamat tersebut. Matlamat utama harus berfokus kepada pemahaman kandungan pelajar dan kebolehan untuk mengaplikasikannya dalam situasi lain.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Berdassarkan matlamat pengajaran, boleh diambil kira kepelbagaian aktiviti. Contoh aktiviti boleh merupakan aktiviti yang amat diperlukan; aktiviti relevan yang berguna; aktiviti yang relevan tetapi tidak begitu berguna.<i> </i>Aktiviti akan menyediakan peluang untuk berinteraksi dan membuat refleksi bukannya aktiviti ,elibatkan penulisan, mengarang prosa atau melengkapkan tempat kosong.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Selain aktiviti dipilih dengan baik, aktiviti perlu dipersembahkan dan dipantau serta disusuli jika menginginkan impak yang sepenuhnya. Hal ini bermakna pelajar perlu bersedia lebih awal sebelum aktiviti. Guru perlu memberikan bimbingan dan maklum balas semasa aktiviti serta menstruktur refleksi selepas aktiviti.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Semasa memperkenalkan aktiviti, guru perlu menegaskan tujuan pembelajaran agar pelajar akan melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti.<i> </i>Mereka jelas tentang matlamat yang ingin dicapai.<i> </i>Guru boleh membimbing pelajara dengan menyempurnakan kehendak tugasan. <i> </i>Apabila pelajar mula melaksanakan aktiviti dan tugasan, guru boleh memantau kemajuan dan menyediakan bantuan jika perlu.<i> </i>Kesemua tugasan perlu disusuli dengan refleksi atau perbincangan pada akhir tugasan.<i> </i>Guru akan membuat semakan dengan pelajar, memberikan maklum balas umum tentang prestasi dan mengukuhkan idea-idea utama apabila berhubung dengan matlamat kesuluruhan.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Lynda Wee (2004) menyatakan bahawa PBL adalah satu pendekatan pemusatan pelajar yang merupakan pendekatan yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kualiti pembelajaran, menggalakan penglibatan aktif, bekerjasama, maklum balas yang cepat terhadap proses pembelajaran, pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap subjek dan merujuk kesesuaian pembelajaran pelajar melalui pembelajaran kendiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran Berasaskan Masalah (PBL) merupakan salah satu contoh yang baik untuk proses pembelajaran secara pengalaman dan pendekatan berpusatkan pelajar. Dalam kaedah PBL, pelajar akan berusaha untuk mencari maklumat dan menyelesaikan masalah dengan usaha sendiri. Proses tersebut akan menggalakan pelajar berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif (KUiTTHO, 2005).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-10396406569948212692011-08-14T22:51:00.000-07:002011-08-14T22:51:28.222-07:00KOMPONEN PENGAJARAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KAEDAH PENGAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU SEKOLAH RENDAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>(BMM 3117)</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: .5pt; position: relative; top: -.5pt;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tajuk : Komponen Pengajaran</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemahiran induksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyoalan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variasi ransangan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KEMAHIRAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INDUKSI</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi Set Induksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Omardin Ashaari (1997) mendefinisikan set induksi adalah proses terawal dalam sesuatu pengajaran yang dirancang dengan sengaja untuk tujuan-tujuan tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ee Ah Meng (1987) menyatakan set induksi ialah kemahiran yang berkaitan dengan cara untuk menyediakan pelajar anda bagi mengikuti sesi pengajaran iaitu orientasi prapengajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Objektif Set Induksi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menarik perhatian dan menimbulkan minat murid terhadap aktiviti pengajaran yang akan dijalankan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membina aliran fikiran murid supaya mereka bersedia mempelajari sesuatu yang berkaitan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memotivasikan murid supaya bersedia untuk belajar. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mengaitkan pengalaman atau pengetahuan lepas murid dengan isi pelajaran baru yang hendak disampaikan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membantu murid mengikuti pelajaran dengan lebih mudah dan bermakna. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen Set Induksi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menarik perhatian</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menarik Perhatian</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> merangkumi perkara berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mewujudkan nada suara yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan ABM/BBM yang menarik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan gerakan, kontek mata, isyarat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan suatu aktiviti yang luar biasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mewujudkan motivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mewujudkan Motivasi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> merangkumi perkara berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membangkitkan rasa ingin tahu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan teknik bercerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan suatu aktiviti yang berguna.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan soalan yang mencabar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat perkaitan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat Perkaitan</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> merangkumi perkara berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengaitkan pengetahuan lepas murid.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengaitkan isi pelajaran baru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengaitkan peristiwa semasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengaitkan minat dan pengalaman murid.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menstruktur </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menstruktur</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> merangkumi perkara berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyatakan had tugas yang akan dijalankan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggunakan satu siri soalan yang berkaitan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyatakan cara-cara melaksanakan tugas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyatakan aktiviti, tugasan atau projek.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PENERANGAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi Penerangan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Satu kemahiran untuk menceritakan, menjelaskan, menggambarkan, memindahkan sesuatu perkara yang diketahui kepada orang lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matlamat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komponen Penerangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menaakul - Penerangan sebab musabab, punca berlakunya sesuatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan membuat ramalan atau kemungkinan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghuraikan proses -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menghuraikan proses, peraturan, undang-undang dan prosedur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjelaskan maklumat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Memudahkan murid faham dengan jelas sesuatu maksud, konsep, fakta, isi pelajaran dan sebagainya dengan ringkas dan padat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik Memberi Penerangan. </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MERANCANG</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kenalpasti kumpulan sasaran, bahan bantu mengajar,pilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kaedah mengajar yang sesuai dan susun idea dengan baik. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MENEPATI SASARAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebolehan, kemampuan usia dan pengalaman. Bahan bantu mengajar perlu menepati kumpulan murid. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">PRINSIP- PRINSIP PANDUAN PENGGUNAAN KEMAHIRAN MENERANG</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Guru hendaklah merancang aktiviti pengajaran dengan memilih cara dan bentuk penerangan yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Masa untuk menggunakan kemahiran menerang hendaklah singkat.Pelajar- pelajar akan merasa bosan jika mereka disuruh duduk diam untuk mendengar penerangan guru dalam tempoh masa yang lama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Untuk mengekalkan minat pelajar terhadap penerangan guru,kemahiran variasi rangsangan hendaklah digunakan, terutama bagi penerangan yang memerlukan masa yang melebihi satu minit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Perkataan dan istilah yang digunakan untuk menerangkan hendaklah berdasarkan kebolehan dan pengalaman pelajar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Penerangan haruslah berdasarkan pengetahuan pelajar yang lepas supaya mereka dapat mengikutinya dengan mudah dan bermakna </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Alat bantu mengajar yang digunakan untuk membantu guru menerangkan sesuatu isi pelajaran hendaklah sesuai serta diuruskan dengan teknik yang berkesan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Selepas aktiviti perancangan, guru hendaklah menggalakkan pelajar bertanya mana- mana perkara yang mereka kurang faham </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Contoh-contoh, ilustrasi yang digunakan untuk menerangkan hendaklah berdasarkan kebolehan dan pengalaman pelajar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESAN- KESAN PENGGUNAAN KEMAHIRAN MENERANG KE ATAS PENGAJARAN & PEMBELAJARAN1. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Pelajar- pelajar dapat memahami konsep fakta dan bahan pengajaran guru akan menjadi jelas iaitu isi pelajaran dapat difahami dengan lebih cepat, mudah, tepat dan bermakna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Pelajar- pelajar juga dapat memahami sesuatu proses atau prosedur secara terperinci dan teratur. Pelajar dapat menaakul sebab musabab berlakunya sesuatu kejadian dengan lebih jelas. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Pelajar- pelajar dapat menumpukan perhatian terhadap aktiviti pengajaran guru jika penerangannya menarik dan bermakna. Ini dapat meneguhkan lagi pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang berlaku dalam bilik darjah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Contoh- contoh ilustrasi dan bahan pelajaran bukan sahaja dapat merangsangkan pelbagai deria pelajar, tetapi juga memudahkan kefahaman konsep dengan tepat serta mengukuhkan apa yang diterangkan dalam ingatan mereka. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.Masa aktiviti pengajaran guru dapat dijimatkan kerana pelajar dapat memahami dengan cepat dan ini boleh digunakan untuk menambahkan aktiviti pembelajaran yang lain kepada pelajar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. KOMPONEN PENYOALAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Objektif Penyoalan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Merangsang dan mencungkil fikiran murid. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menguji pengetahuan dan kefahaman murid. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membimbing murid menggunakan kaedah inkuiri-penemuan untuk membuat kesimpulan atau menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah yang kompleks. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menarik perhatian murid supaya menumpukan perhatian mereka kepada aktiviti pengajaran guru atau kepada sesuatu penegasan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menilai keberkesanan pengajaran guru dan pencapaian objektif pelajaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membantu murid mengulangkaji pelajaran untuk menyediakan diri dalam ujian yang akan datang. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menjalin perhubungan yang baik diantara guru dengan murid melalui aktiviti soal jawab. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membantu murid mengukuhkan konsep dan kefahaman yang baru dipelajari pada peringkat akhir pelajaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mengembangkan daya pemikiran murid melalui satu siri soalan yang terancang. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Melibatkan murid secara aktif dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PRINSIP-PRINSIP PENGGUNAAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KEMAHIRAN MENYOAL.</span></b><span style="color: #ff0066; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Pembentukan Soalan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aras soalan sesuai mengikut umur,kebolehan dan pengalaman murid </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merancang jenis-jenis soalan yang berkaitan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunakan istilah dan perkataan yang mudah difahami </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk soalan diubah dari masa ke semasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soalan haruslah boleh menjana pemikiran murid.</span><span style="color: #ff0066; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Teknik Mengemukakan Soalan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru mengemukakan soalan, berikan masa untuk murid berfikir dan sebut nama murid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soalan haruslah ditujukan kepada seluruh kelas, bukan untuk murid yang cerdas sahaja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagi memastikan murid fokus, minta mana-mana murid untuk mengulang kembali jawapan rakan mereka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beri amaran kepada murid-murid bahawa soalan akan dikemukakan sekalu sahaja dan minta mereka bersedia mendengar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Penerimaan Jawapan Murid. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beri pujian kepada murid yang berjaya menjawab soalan dengan betul.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru hendaklah mengelakkan amalan mengulangi jawapan murid kerana ini akan menggalakkan murid lain tidak mendengar jawapan yang diberi oleh rakan mereka sebaliknya menunggu ulangan daripada guru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika jawapan kurang tepat, minta murid lain cuba menjawab atau guru boleh memberi maklumat tambahan untuk melengkapkan jawapan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika murid tidak dapat menjawab soalan, guru<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perlu membantu dengan mengubah aras soalan lebih rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Larang murid untuk menjawab soalan beramai-ramai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jangan memarahi atau memalukan murid jika jawapan yang diberikan salah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesan Kemahiran Penyoalan kepada P&P </span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Murid akan melibatkan diri secara aktif dalam P&P</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menambah minat murid dan mendorong mereka menumpukan perhatian </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daya pemikiran murid dapat diperkembangkan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru boleh membuat penilaian terhadap tahap pemahaman murid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perhubungan murid dan guru akan bertambah baik. Murid lebih yakin untuk bertanya sebarang soalan mengenai pelajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KOMPONEN KEMAHIRAN MENYOAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a) Penbentukan Soalan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fokus (Tunggal) – jelas, tepat, ringkas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fokus (Pelbagai) - Soalan yang ditumpukan kepada satu idea, Soalan konvergen </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebaran - Soalan ditumpukan lebih kepada satu idea, Soalan divergen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hentian - soalan disebarkan kepada seluruh kelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melayani Jawapan - memberi masa kepada murid memikirkan jawapannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberi petunjuk menjawab - Memberi pujian, Melengkapkan jawapan, Membaiki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jawapan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberi petunjuk menjawab - Memberi petua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau petunjuk untuk membantu murid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.VARIASI RANGSANGAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip Variasi Ransangan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perubahan kaedah dan teknik penyampaian guru hendaklah dikaitkan dengan tujuan dan isi pelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perubahan aktiviti pengajaran haruslah lancar dan dikaitkan dengan langkah-langkah penyampaian di antara satu sama lain</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Penggunaan alat bantu mengajar untuk mempelbagaikan pengalihan saluran deria haruslah dirancang dan disampaikan dengan teknik yang berkesan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Setiap langkah penyampaian haruslah mengandungi aktiviti pengajaran yang berbeza dengan langkah penyampaian yang lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Guru harus mengubah rangsangan berdasarkan maklum balas yang didapati daripada pelajarnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Objektif Variasi Ransangan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memberi peluang kepada pelajar menggunakan berbagai saluran deria untuk memperoleh ilmu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memotivasi dan membangkitkan naluri ingin tahu melalui pelbagai aktiviti pengajaran guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memberi peluang kepada pelajar menikmati pelbagai aktiviti yang dijalankan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mewujudkan suasana pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang positif dan seronok.</span><span lang="MS" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memusatkan perhatian pelajar dan mengekalkan perhatian mereka terhadap pengajaran guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Melibatkan pelajar secara aktif dalam berbagai pengalaman baru dalam pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen Variasi Ransangan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan pergerakan langkah guru. </span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Guru bergerak ke kiri dan kanan, belakang dan depan semasa mengajar. Pergerakan langkah guru perlu dilakukan secara perlahan supaya tidak mengganggu P&P dan tumpuan kanak-kanak.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan fokus deria murid</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">. Perhatian kanak-kanak akan berubah apabila guru mengubah cara mengajar dengan menggunakan BBM. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan pergerakan anggota guru.</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Guru juga boleh menggunakan bahagian anggota badan yang lain contohnya tangan untuk menegaskan penerangan dan penyampaian.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan nada suara guru. </span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Guru tidak hanya menggunakan suara yang mendatar tetapi perlu mengubah nada suara mengikut kepentingan bahan pengajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan bentuk lisan murid</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">. Kanak-kanak boleh dilibatkan secara lisan contohnya penggunaan bahasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Komponen perubahan bentuk fizikal murid. </span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perubahan bentuk fizikal murid seperti lakonan, menulis, dan simulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesan Variasi Ransangan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Aktiviti P&P akan menjadi lebih seronok & menarik. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Minat dan perhatian murid akan tertumpu sepenuhnya terhadap aktiviti pengajaran guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Naluri ingin tahu pelajar akan dibangkitkan dan mereka berusaha melibatkan diri secara aktif. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Murid berpeluang menggunakan pelbagai saluran deria untuk mempelajari sesuatu. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Masalah disiplin dapat dikawal apabila pelajar menumpukan sepenuh perhatian terhadap aktiviti pengajaran guru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><a href="http://miji75tm.blogspot.com/2011/02/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html">http://miji75tm.blogspot.com/2011/02/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html</a> <a href="http://pancaindera.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/kemahiran-penyoalan/">http://pancaindera.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/kemahiran-penyoalan/</a> <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/55996889/22/Komponen-Komponen-Kemahiran-Penyoalan">http://www.scribd.com/doc/55996889/22/Komponen-Komponen-Kemahiran-Penyoalan</a> <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/13884399/3076Kemahiran-penerangan">http://www.scribd.com/doc/13884399/3076Kemahiran-penerangan</a></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-67177548998524359482011-08-14T21:36:00.000-07:002011-08-15T09:57:43.981-07:00PEMBENTANGAN TAJUK 7: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN AKTIVITI,SITUASI, DAN PERMAINAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #575f6d; font-family: 'Century Schoolbook';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-variant: small-caps;"><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/Qpx38QnK/BMM_3117_MINGGU_7.html">Download</a></span></span>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-52013433882788561962011-08-14T21:32:00.000-07:002011-08-14T21:36:35.791-07:00TAJUK 3 : TAMBAHAN NOTA TEORI HURAIAN BAHASA<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Nahu tradisional </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktural </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Transformasi generatif </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori fungsional</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGENALAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sejarah perkembangan ilmu linguistik teoritis terdapat banyak teori bahasa yang dikemukakan oleh tokoh-tokoh linguistik.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-teori ini berbeza antara satu sama lain kerana dipengaruhi oleh aliran pemikiran yang terdapat pada zaman itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori huraian bahasa menjelaskan bahawa unsur-unsur bahasa yang hendak diajarkan boleh dihuraikan melalui penyampaian pengajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerangan ini penting bagi menentukan bahan pengajaran dan prosedur mengajar kerana ia digunakan untuk menyampaikan tajuk atau isi pelajaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">NAHU TRADISIONAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini bermula sejak zaman Yunani (abad ke-5 S.M) dan dipercayai teori paling tua dicatatkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia dipelopori oleh Panini (Ahli tokoh fonetik India) yang menganggap bahawa bahasa ialah ucapan fikiran dan perasaan manusia dengan teratur serta menggunakan alat untuk membunyikan suara.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara keseluruhannya, ahli-ahli bahasa tradisional berpendapat bahawa struktur-struktur bahasa ialah hasil daripada sebab dan akibat dan bahasa di dunia ini ialah variasi-variasi daripada satu sistem yang berasaskan logik dan rasional yang sama. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI-CIRI TEORI NAHU TRADISIONAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian-kajian bahasa dibuat berasaskan bahasa tulisan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, huraian tatabahasa bersifat rasional dan berasaskan anggapan bahawa disiplin-disiplin lain tiada kaitan dengan bahasa. Akibatnya huraian unsur-unsur bahasa tidak tetap dan tidak tepat. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panini turut berpendapat bahawa bahasa-bahasa di dunia dapat dihurai dengan berasaskan ciri-ciri sejagat seperti logik, falsafah dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kajian bahasa juga dibuat secara deduktif, iaitu mengutamakan pemahaman peraturan-peraturan bahasa terlebih dahulu sebelum memberikan contoh-contoh. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini juga berpendapat semua bahasa mempunyai peraturan yang sama dengan bahasa Yunani dan ciri nahunya mementingkan bahasa tulisan serta kajian berdasarkan hukum. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI STRUKTURAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran linguistik struktural ini muncul pada kurun ke-20.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli-ahli bahasa yang menganuti aliran ini terdiri daripada Ferdinand de Saussure, Leornand Bloomfield, Otto Jespherson, dan Edward Saphir.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difahamkan bahawa kemunculannya kerana pertentangan pendapat dengan aliran tradisional. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentangan utamanya ialah dasar rasional yang digunakan oleh aliran tradisional untuk membentuk kategori-kategori tatabahasa dan anggapan bahawa semua bahasa mempunyai kategori universal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fokus pengkajian mereka ialah aspek penghuraian struktur bahasa. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Huraian bahasa dilakukan secara induktif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka menganggap bahawa struktur bahasa merupakan kaitan antara fonem sebagai unit bunyi dengan fonem sebagai unit tatabahasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Asas pengkajian ahli bahasa struktural ialah tiap-tiap bahasa terdiri daripada satu pertalian struktur yang tersendiri. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh itu, tugas utama mereka ialah mengkaji unsur-unsur bahasa sebagai sebahagian daripada satu keseluruhan sistem bukan sebagai unsur yang berasingan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menumpukan kajian terhadap fonologi,morfologi dan sintaksis tetapi kurang menitikberatkan tentang makna.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI-CIRI TEORI STRUKTURAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa ialah satu sistem bunyi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa ialah alat perhubungan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa bersifat arbitrari </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa ialah pertuturan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI TRANSFORMASI GENERATIF</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan satu aliran baharu yang timbul selepas aliran struktural.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini muncul dalam tahun 50-an yang dipelopori oleh Noam Chomsky.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini wujud akibat daripada beberapa kekurangan dan kelemahan teori tradisional dan struktural. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Generatif bermaksud menerbitkan, iaitu bermula daripada unsur-unsur yang terhad dan kemudian akan bertambah dan berkembang untuk menerbitkan unsur yang lebih besar melalui beberapa proses menurut rumus-rumus tertentu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manakala transformasi pula bermaksud mengubah atau menukar, iaitu menuliskan semula. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam konteks ini bermakna menuliskan semula abentuk struktur ayat asas atau ayat yang asal kepada bentuk struktur yang lain tanpa mengubah atau menghilangkan makna asalnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian transformasi generatif dibuat berdasarkan kenyataan bahawa seseorang penutur ibunda sesuatu bahasa berkebolehan untuk membentuk dan memahami pertuturan yang belum pernah mereka dengar kerana mereka dilahirkan dengan kecekapan semula jadi untuk berbahasa. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulannya analisis transformasi generatif bertujuan untuk membentuk rumus sesuatu bahasa dengan lengkap berasaskan pengetahuan penutur ibunda bahasa tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI-CIRI TEORI TRANSFORMASI GENERATIF</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu urutan yang teratur daripada rumus-rumus.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertujuan untuk hasilkan satu huraian bahasa yang dapat kemukakan asas bagi menerangkan bagaimana ayat-ayat boleh dihasilkan dan difahami.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis fonologi, morfologi, dan sintaksis yang menggunakan simbol-simbol dan rumus-rumus.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi sesuatu bahasa mesti mengambil kira kreativiti linguistik.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen sintaksis menerbitkan struktur sintaksis melalui dua peringkat. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama, melalui peraturan-peraturan struktur-struktur rangkai kata dan leksikon yang membentuk satu komponen sintaksis, menerbitkan struktur dalamannnya dalam bentuk yang boleh diterjemahkan maknanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua, peraturan transformasi, iaitu menukarkan struktur dasar yang abstrak kepada struktur luar yang konkrit setelah dipadankan dengan peraturan bunyi dan lahir sebagai satu ujaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI FUNGSIONAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori fungsional berkembang pada tahun 60-an dan 70-an.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli bahasa terkenal yang menganut fahaman ini ialah Halliday.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli-ahli bahasa teori ini bukan sahaja mengkaji bahasa dari segi strukturnya tetapi juga memberikan perhatian kepada fungsi bahasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut mereka fungsi bahasa dalam masyarakat sangat penting dan menegaskan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini bermakna kajian bahasa bukan semata-mata tertumpu kepada struktur, iaitu bentuk-bentuk bahasa, tetapi juga terhadap perubahan-perubahan yang berlaku pada bentuk-bentuknya semasa seseorang itu berkomunikasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CIRI-CIRI BAHASA MENURUT TEORI FUNGSIONAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa mempunyai tiga fungsi utama </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyampaikan idea : Kita berfikir dan berkongsi pandangan serta pendapat dengan orang lain (fungsi kognitif)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyampaikan maklumat : Bahasa mempunyai keupayaan menyampaikan maklumat mengenai penutur. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem bahasa </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk berkomunikasi bukan merupakan satu sistem yang tertutup dan statik, tetapi terbuka dan dinamik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem ini bukan sahaja berdasarkan kepada undang-undang tatabahasa semata-mata, tetapi juga berdasarkan peraturan-peraturan penggunaannya yang ditentukan oleh peraturan sosial sesuatu masyarakat itu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas elemen dalam struktur bahasa </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berdasarkan kepada kekuatan dan keteguhan wacana dan semantik dan bukannya sintaksis. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makna tidak sahaja didasarkan kepada struktur bahasa tetapi juga makna sosial yang mengambil kira ciri-ciri paralinguistik seperti bahasa badan dan bahasa isyarat yang digunakan oleh penutur semasa berkomunikasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaaan dalam bahasa adalah lebih penting berbanding kegunaannya </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seperti yang terdapat dalam peraturan-peraturan bahasa. Namun, struktur nahu tidak diketepikan langsung. Contohnya, ayat dibawah dianggap betul untuk digunakan dalam pertuturan seharian:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A: Kami nak gi pasar, kamu nak ikut ?</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Tak, kami nak pergi ke padang, terima kasih. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun begitu, dalam bahasa tulisan atau penulisan, bahasa yang digunakan haruslah mengikut laras bahasa formal yang digunakan berasaskan kepada sesuatu situasi dan tujuan tertentu dalam masyarakat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat bahasa dinamik dan statik </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyebabkan terdapatnya variasi-variasi dalam penggunaan bahasa. Variasi ini timbul hasil daripada keadaan sosial sesuatu masyarakat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">BIBLIOGRAFI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuan Jah Tuan Yusof. (2001). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kaedah Pengajaran Bahasa Melayu, </i>Multimedia Sdn </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bhd.Puchong, Selangor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.............. ( 2009 ). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teori Huraian Bahasa Tradisional</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.............. ( ). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedagogi Bahasa Melayu Pismp Bm</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/17294638/Pedagogi-Bahasa-Melayu-Pismp-Bm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/17294638/Pedagogi-Bahasa-Melayu-Pismp-Bm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.............. ( ). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teori Pemerolehan Bahasa 1</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/3951911/TEORI-PEMEROLEHAN-BAHASA-1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/3951911/TEORI-PEMEROLEHAN-BAHASA-1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.............. ( ). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teori Huraian Bahasa</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="http://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129750/TEORI-HURAIAN-BAHASA"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129750/TEORI-HURAIAN-BAHASA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-4599927885388970092011-08-14T21:23:00.000-07:002011-08-14T21:23:50.883-07:00TAJUK 7:PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN AKTIVITI, SITUASI DAN PERMAINAN<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/51502905/PEMBELAJARAN-BERASASKAN-BAHASA">http://www.scribd.com/doc/51502905/PEMBELAJARAN-BERASASKAN-BAHASA</a><br />
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Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-87378991592364047652011-08-14T19:49:00.000-07:002011-08-14T19:59:08.237-07:00TAJUK 5- STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK<a href="http://thenotejots.blogspot.com/2010/12/kepentingan-pendekatan-strategi-kaedah.html">Kepentingan pendekatan, strategi, kaedah dan teknik dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa melayu sekolah rendah</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/52325067/BMM-3117-KAEDAH-PENGAJARAN-BAHASA-MELAYU-SEKOLAH-RENDAH">http://www.scribd.com/doc/52325067/BMM-3117-KAEDAH-PENGAJARAN-BAHASA-MELAYU-SEKOLAH-RENDAH</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/30396978/Pendekatan-Kaedah-Teknik-Dan-Strategi">http://www.scribd.com/doc/30396978/Pendekatan-Kaedah-Teknik-Dan-Strategi</a><br />
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<a href="http://perbezaan%20pendekatan%20%2C%20kaedah%20dan%20teknik/">MEMBANDING BEZA STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK</a><br />
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SILA KLIK PADA LINK UNTUK MELIHATPelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-2472771107395606102011-08-14T19:43:00.000-07:002011-08-14T19:45:01.454-07:00TAJUK 4-TEORI PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA<a href="http://encikamirhamzah.blogspot.com/2011/07/teori-pemerolehan-bahasa-bmm-3117.html">teori behaviourisme, kognitif, mentalis, interaksionalisme</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/38136834/Tugasan-BMM-3117-Semester-1-PISMP">teori pemerolehan bahasa</a><br />
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SILA KLIK PADA LINK UNTUK MELIHATPelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-59217868264629739262011-08-14T19:39:00.000-07:002011-08-14T19:39:08.195-07:00TAJUK 3- TEORI HURAIAN BAHASA<a href="http://encikamirhamzah.blogspot.com/2011/07/teori-huraian-bahasa-bmm-3117.html">teori huraian bahasa</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/62141329/BandingBeza-Teori-Huraian-Bahasa-Dgn-Teori-Pemerolehan-Bahasa">Banding Beza Teori Huraian Bahasa Dgn Teori Pemerolehan Bahasa</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/52325067/BMM-3117-KAEDAH-PENGAJARAN-BAHASA-MELAYU-SEKOLAH-RENDAH">http://www.scribd.com/doc/52325067/BMM-3117-KAEDAH-PENGAJARAN-BAHASA-MELAYU-SEKOLAH-RENDAH</a><br />
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SILA KLIK PADA LINK UNTUK MELIHATPelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-77353020226331749832011-08-14T19:29:00.000-07:002011-08-14T19:29:43.313-07:00TAJUK 2- KOMPONEN PAPAN TULIS, PENGELOLAAN BILIK DARJAH, PENUTUPAN DAN MEMBUAT KESIMPULANSUMBER RUJUKAN<br />
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<a href="http://bmp3013x.blogspot.com/">komponen papan tulis</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/51645923/Pengelolaan-BD-Myza-Iq-n-Zu">pengelolaan bilik darjah</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/58978849/BM3117-Kaedah-Pengajaran-Bahasa-Melayu-Sekolah-Rendah">http://www.scribd.com/doc/58978849/BM3117-Kaedah-Pengajaran-Bahasa-Melayu-Sekolah-Rendah</a><br />
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SILA KLIK PADA LINK UNTUK MELIHATPelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-32178041279928516742011-08-14T19:19:00.000-07:002011-08-14T19:22:56.241-07:00TAJUK 1-KOMPONEN PENGAJARAN (SUMBER RUJUKAN)<a href="http://notapismp.blogspot.com/2010/10/komponen-pengajaran-mikro.html">http://notapismp.blogspot.com/2010/10/komponen-pengajaran-mikro.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/37711307/KOMPONEN-PENGAJARAN">http://www.scribd.com/doc/37711307/KOMPONEN-PENGAJARAN</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/52805281/Komponen-Pengajaran">http://www.scribd.com/doc/52805281/Komponen-Pengajaran</a><br />
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KLIK PADA LINK UNTUK MELIHAT.Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4486274442999357091.post-74326911890858300522011-07-09T07:07:00.000-07:002011-07-25T05:14:24.431-07:00NOTA 1<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html" style="display: block; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Teori Huraian Bahasa Tradisional</i></span></a><a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html" style="display: block; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>sumber: </i></span></a><a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html" style="color: #cc6600; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html</a></h3><div class="post-header-line-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Teori Huraian Bahasa Tradisional</span></b><br />
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</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. Teori Tradisional (Panini)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- kajian bahasa dibuat terhadap bentuk-bentuk tulisan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- bahasa boleh berkembang</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-setiap bahasa ada hubungan dengan bahasa induk</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-tatabahasa bersifat sejagat, berasaskan tatabahasa Yunani + Latin</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-bahasa merupakan cabang ilmu falsafah yang menyelidik tabii alam</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- kajian bahasa bersifat deduktif – memeningkan hukum-hukum sesuatu bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-pengkaji juga menetapkan golongan kata kepada kata nama, kata sifat + kata kerja</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. Teori Struktural (Bloomfield)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-kajian tentang fonem dan morfem serta kaitan antara fonem, morfem + ayat</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-ciri-ciri bahasanya bersifat pertuturan, bersistem, arbitrari + untuk perhubungan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-ahli2 bahasa ini banyak mengumpulkan bahan pertuturan + mementingkan fakta2 yang dilihat.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. Teori Transformasi Generatif (Chomsky)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-penutur jati boleh menggunakan bahasa apabila berhadapan dengan pelbagai keadaan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-Bahasa adalah sistem tentang rumus-rumus bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-ayat mempunyai struktur dalaman + permukaan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-pengetahuan bahasa merupakan suatu fenomena mental</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-penutur dilahirkan dengan kecekapan semulajadi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-bahasa bersifat sejagat + kreatif</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">SUMBER: </span><a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html">http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. Teori Fungsional (Haliday)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-struktur bahasa ikut fungsi dalam komunikasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-kajian tentang perubahan yang berlaku pada struktur bahasa ketika seseorang berkomunikasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-Terdapat fungsi sosial yang terdiri daripada 3 fungsi idea, fungsi interpersonal + fungsi tekstual</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-fungsi sosial bahasa memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pembentukan sistem bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Teori Pemerolehan Bahasa</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. Teori Behaviorisme (Bloomfield)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-Bahasa dikuasai melalui proses pengulangan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-proses pengajaran haruslah menekan latihan + pengulangan yang banyak</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-proses penguasaan bahasa melalui latihan yang memerlukan mekanisme yang bersistem</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-mementingkan persekitaran murid untuk membantu proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-berasaskan teori pelaziman klasik iaitu kanak2 mempelajari bahasa menerusi hukuman + ganjaran</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- sesuatu ujaran terbentuk kerana adanya rangsangan + gerakbalas dlm bentuk bahasa + bukan bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-proses pendedahan yang berulang2 + konsep peniruan mencepatkan pembelajaran bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-aspek pengukuhan memudahkan ingatan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-pengajaran tatabahasa adalah berdasarkan penekanan induktif/kaedah terus, dengar + tutur, dan teknik latih tubi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. Teori Mentalis (Chomsky)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- mengutamakan proses berfikir berbanding dengan perlakuan kanak2.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-kanak2 berupaya membuat rumusan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-tulisan + bacaan diutamakan tapi kemahiran menulis lebih penting</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-diukur melalui kecekapan + pencapaian mereka</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- penyampaian makna lebih diutamakan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-tatabahasa diajarkan secara formal melalui kaedah deduktif</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. Teori Interaksionalis</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- mementingkan aktiviti komunikasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-menghasilkan bahasa apabila ia memerlukannya</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-perkembangan bahasa – proses kognitif + proses interaksi bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-interaksi – menghasilkan ayat penyata + ayat perintah -</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-hasil interaksi akan mempengaruhi untuk mempelajari sistem bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. Teori Konstruktivisme</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-mementingkan pembelajaran semasa interaksi dalam kelas</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-Memberikan contoh ayat– membina ayat setelah memahami konsep</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-pembinaan semula ayat – pembangunan semua minda untuk mencipta sesuatu yang baru / idea yang baru</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">TOPIK 2</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Konsep strategi</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- cara / langkah / tindakan yg harus dilakukan untuk mencapai objektif PnP</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Perspektif</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">a.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">pendekatan berpusatkan murid</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">b.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kepelbagaian Teknik</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">c.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kepelbagaian Sumber Bahan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">d.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Penggunaan tatabahasa yg tepat</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">e.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">PnP Bertema</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">f.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Bacaan luas</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">g.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Penggabungjalinan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">h.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Penyerapan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">i.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Penilaian</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">j.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pemulihan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">k.</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pengayaan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pendekatan Induktif</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- pendekatan pengajaran bahasa yang melibatkan satu proses penaakulan yang tinggi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-pelajar digalakkan mencari, meneliti + mempelajari sendiri.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-mengemukakan satu rumusan hasil kajian yang dilakukan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-peranan guru hanya – mengemukakan soalan, bertanya, berbincang, memperhatikan, mengkaji + memberikan contoh</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Konsep Induktif dlm Pengajaran Bahasa</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. mempelajari sesuatu untuk mendapatkan hukum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. memperkenalkan pengetahuan + memberi pengalaman</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. Mengumpulkan maklumat untuk membentuk hukum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. Membentuk satu kesimpulan umum daripada contoh-contoh tertentu</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">5. Mendapatkan satu kesimpulan daripada satu urutan pemikiran</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">6. merupakan kaedah penaakulan yang bertujuan mendapatkan peraturan umum daripada fakta2 / cth2 tertentu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4 peringkat pengajaran</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. pendedahan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. pembentukan konsep</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3.Mencuba generalisasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. Penutup</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pendekatan Deduktif</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-satu proses menganalisis data / isi yang membentuk generalisasi + mengaplikasikan peraturan2 yang diberikan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Konsep Deduktif</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. mempelajari sesuatu berdasarkan sesuatu hukum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. satu proses penaakulan yang tinggi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. satu produksi fakta untuk membuktikan satu penyataan umum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. menganalisis fakta atau isi yang membentuk generalisasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">5. membuat satu pencerakinan daripada umum kepada spesifik</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Peringkat pengajaran</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1 .awal generalisasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">2. mengemukakan generalisasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">3. menganalisis konsep</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">4. mencuba generalisasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">5. penutup</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pendekatan Eklektik</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-gabungan antara beberapa pendekatan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-sesuai utk murid2 yang mempunyai pelbagai kebolehan + pencapaian</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- sifat pendekatan ini mudah ubah</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- pelbagai ciri2 yang baik</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pendekatan Komunikatif</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- manusia berbahasa secara komunikasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-setiap manusia akan menggunakan akal untuk menyatakan fikiran masing2</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Pendekatan Oral</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-berkaitan dengan komunikasi tapi secara perbandingan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- memberi penekanan kepada penguasaan aspek lisan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- kawalan tatabahasa juga diberi perhatian</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kaedah Pengajaran</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- satu perancangan /prosedur bagi mlaksanakan sesuatu pengajaran secara teratur, kemas, sistematik.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-langkah2 pengajaran yg tersusun + berkesinambungan untuk mencapai objektif</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kaedah situasi – mementingkan latihan penyebutan, ulangkaji, struktur baru, perbendaharaan kata, latihan lisan + membaca bahan yang melibatkan struktur baru / latihan bertulis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kaedah Oral Aural – dengar + tutur. Membolehkan murid2 memperkembangkan kemahiran mendengar, bertutur, membaca dan menulis</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kaedah Penglibatan tindakbalas fizikal (TPR) – mementingkan pemahaman bahasa melalui pendengaran serta memulakan pelajaran dengan kemahiran mendengar</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Teknik Pengajaran</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- Suatu alat yang digunakan bagi menyampaikan bahan-bahan pengajaran yang telah dipilih untuk pelajar</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- sejajar dengan kaedah dan pendekatan yang dianuti</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-antaranya</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">a. teknik latih tubi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">b. simulasi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">c. Main peranan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">d. Teknik sumbangsaran</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">e. Permainan Bahasa</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">f. soal jawab</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">g. bercerita</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">h. drama</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">i. Inkuiri</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">j. Perbincangan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">k. Forum</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">l. Perbahasan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">m. Kuiz</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">- Teknik Simulasi – satu situasi yang diwujudkan secara merupai keadaan sebenar – berinteraksi sesama sendiri berdasarkan peranan masing-masing – membuat keputusan menyelesaikan masalah, isu / tugasan.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">-teknik Inkuiri – tinjau siasat- soal selidik untuk mendapatkan jawapan / kesimpulan. Daya refleksi- selalu bertanyakan soalan- kemahiran berfikir secara kreatif dan kritis</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">1. mengenal masalah 2. mengaji ramalan 3. mengumpul maklumat 4. menganalisis 5. membuat rumusan</span><br />
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<a href="http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html">http://rujuknota.blogspot.com/2009/06/teori-huraian-bahasa-tradisional.html</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">sumber: </span></div></div>Pelajar IPG KPMhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08987849245495498900noreply@blogger.com0